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Histology > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What lines the oral cavity and oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
- protective layer

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2
Q

Oral cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Can excise them operatively
Responsive to readily and chemotherapy

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3
Q

Role of salivary glands

A

Produce saliva
Produce enzymes

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4
Q

Role of oral cavity

A

Receive food
Chew food

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5
Q

Lining of salivary gland

A

Secretory glandular epithelium

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6
Q

Secretory glandular epithelium

A

Lots of cytoplasm containing granules

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7
Q

Sjorgren’s syndrome

A

Autoimmune disease of salivary glands
No saliva production
Dry tongue

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8
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

Swallows food

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9
Q

Muscles in oesophagus walls

A

Circular and longtitudinal layers of muscle
Coordinate contractions to push food down into stomach

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10
Q

Lining of oesophagus above thoracic diaphragm

A

Stratified Squamous non-keratinising epithelium
Underneath is a thin lamina propria and narrow muscularis mucosa of smooth muscle
Oesophageal submucous glands (secrete mucus that lubricates food as it is swallowed)

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11
Q

4 parts of stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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12
Q

2 ends of stomach

A

Oesophagus—> cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter—> duodenum

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13
Q

Function of stomach

A

Digestion of food

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14
Q

Gastric fundic mucosa

A

Located in fundus of stomach
Produce mucus

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15
Q

Role of mucus in the stomach

A

Layer of mucin on inner lining buffers between the acid of the lumen of the stomach and the epithelium

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16
Q

Gastric body mucosa

A

Located in body of stomach
Contains:
parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid
Chief cells that produce pepsinogen and lipase

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17
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce hydrochloric acid
Rich in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Source of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
Occur mostly in upper parts of the glands, close to the gastric pits

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18
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce pepsinogen and lipase (digestive enzymes)

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19
Q

Suffix -ogen

A

Inactive form of enzyme

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20
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Produced and secreted by chief cells
Broken down by stomach acid into pepsin

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21
Q

Gastric antral mucosa

A

Glands which produce mucin

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22
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Lives in mucin of stomach
Causes inflammation and ulcers

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23
Q

Structure of intestines- 4 layers

A

Lumen —> mucosa —> submucosa —> muscularis propria—> serosal surface

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24
Q

What epithelium lines the small and large intestine

A

Glandular epithelium containing endocrine cells

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25
Q

Submucosa of intestines

A

Loose connective tissue
Contains glands and lymphoid tissue
Loose collagen and blood vessels

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26
Q

Muscularis propria

A

Smooth muscle
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Ganglion cells sit between circular and longitudinal muscle layers

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27
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

A congenital absence of ganglion cells at the bottom of the intestine, rectum and colon

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28
Q

Interstitial cells of Cajal

A

Located in muscular wall of bowel
Pacemaker cells of muscle contraction
Can form tumours

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29
Q

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours

A

Caused by interstitial cells of Cajal
Mutation in C-kit gene
Commonly benign

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30
Q

Serosal surface

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Contains blood supply of gut

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31
Q

Mesentry

A

Attaches bowel to posterior abdominal wall

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32
Q

What covers the gut in the peritoneal cavity

A

Mesothelial cells

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33
Q

Crypts

A

U-shaped long columns
Transit cells at top
Potential stem cells
Stem cells
Paneth cells

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34
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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35
Q

Name of large intestine

A

Colon

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36
Q

Anatomy of duodenum

A

Joined to pyloric end of stomach
C shaped
Pancreatic duct and common bile duct enters
Stuck to retroperitoneum

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37
Q

Ampulla of vater

A

Entrance of pancreatic duct into duodenum

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38
Q

Jejunum

A

Coils of small bowel as attached to flexible mesentry

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39
Q

Function of duodenum

A

Digests food
Absorbs food
Resists bugs

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40
Q

Anatomy of small intestine

A

Villi
Crypts (producing new cells to form villi) in between villi
Lymphocytes

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41
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of small intestine covered in epithelium to increase surface area
Have microvilli on surface

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42
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Release lymphocytes in the gut

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43
Q

Giardia lambila

A

Protozoanal bugs cover mucosa and prevent absorption of nutrients
Leads to diarrhoea, weight loss, tiredness and malnutrition

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44
Q

Coeliac disease

A

Allergy to gliadin (gluten) in wheat
Loss of villi (villous atrophy)
Crypt hyperplasia (larger than normal)
Lymphocytes react with gliadin- killing cells of duodenal epithelium
Malabsorption

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45
Q

Role of Jejunum and ileum

A

Digest food
Absorb food
Resist bugs

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46
Q

Jejunum and ileum

A

Villi and micorvilli

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47
Q

Caecum

A

Joins ileum and large intestine

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48
Q

Appendix

A

Projects from caecum
Role unsure

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49
Q

Lining of appendix and colon

A

No villi
Flat glandular mucosal surface

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50
Q

Function of colon

A

Primarily absorbs water
Absorbs food
Resists bugs

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51
Q

4 parts of colon

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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52
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

Point where colon bends near liver
Ascending ——> transverse

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53
Q

Splenic flexure

A

Transverse—> descending

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54
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon
Only affects the mucosa
Sharp distinction between normal and diseased tissue

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55
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue

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56
Q

Gut as a muscular tube
Exception stomach

A

Lumen
Epithelium on a basement membrane
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis propria (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer)
Adventitia
(Serosa)

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57
Q

Stomach walls

A

Epithelium on a basement membrane
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis propria (innermost oblique layer, middle circular layer, outermost longitudinal layer)
Adventitia
Serosa

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58
Q

3 layers of stomach muscularis propria

A

Innermost oblique layer
Middle circular layer
Outermost longitudinal layer

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59
Q

Where does the oral cavity extend from

A

Lips to palatoglossal folds

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60
Q

What is the outlet of the oropharynx protected by

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue (palatine and lingual tonsils)

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61
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete

A

Saliva that contains enzymes and lubricants that aid the passage and digestion of ailments
Secrete bacteriostatic agents and products that protect and promote the growth of the mucosal lining of the GI tract

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62
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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63
Q

Mucosal covering of the lip

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
keratinising ——> non-keratinising at margin of skin to mouth

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64
Q

Ventral surface of tongue

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

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65
Q

Dorsal surface of tongue

A

Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium due to constant abrasion of this surface

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66
Q

Papillae

A

Located on dorsum of the tongue
Tall, pointed filiform papillae are most common and cover whole anterior 2/3 of tongue
Less numerous mushroom shaped fungi form papillae are found on tip and sides of tongue
Pale-staining taste buds embedded in epithelium on lateral sides of these papillae
V-shaped row of dome-shaped circumvallate papillae separate the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue - also bear taste buds

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67
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

A v-shaped row of dome-shaped circumvallate papillae
Bear taste buds

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68
Q

Where are mushroom shaped fungiform papillae located

A

Tip and sides of tongue

69
Q

Where are tall, pointed filiform papillae located

A

Whole of anterior 2/3 of tongue

70
Q

Parotid salivary glands

A

Produce a watery enzyme-rich secretion (serous secretion) rich in alpha amylase that digests starch
Lie anterior to the ear on both sides of the face and enter the mouth via ducts adjacent to the 1st upper molar teeth
Contain lymph nodes

71
Q

Acini

A

Spherical clumps of serous gland cells in parotid gland

72
Q

Parotid gland secretory cells

A

All serous
Pyramidal in shape
Spherical nucleus
Cytoplasm full of rER and apex of cell contains prominent secretion granules

73
Q

What do the parotid acini drain into

A

Ducts lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium that may become stratified at the distal end

74
Q

Sublingual salivary glands

A

Lie beneath the tongue and discharge their secretions into the floor of the mouth by a series of ducts either side of the frenulum of the tongue

75
Q

Structure of sublingual glands

A

Branched tubular-acinar glands
Produce a sticky mucus-rich secretion that helps to lubricate the mouth and bolus of food
Secretory cells appear swollen - filled with pale staining mucus granules
Oval nucleus is squashed to base of the cell

76
Q

What do the sublingual tubular-acinar drain into

A

Ducts lined by simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium
(Cells appear pinker)

77
Q

Orbicularis oris muscle

A

Ring of muscle that surrounds the mouth

78
Q

Major constituent of secretion of the sublingual gland

A

High molecular weight mucopolysaccharide
Absorbs large amounts of water so are very good lubricants

79
Q

Serous Demi-lunes

A

Half-moon shaped clusters of serous cells that lie at the closed ends of the branched mucus-secreting tubules that make up part of the submandibular gland

80
Q

Submandibular salivary glands

A

Well-defined globular glands
Lie subcutaneously below the mandible, either side of the tongue
Discharge by a pair of ducts in to the frenulum of the tongue

81
Q

Frenulum of the tongue

A

small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the human tongue

82
Q

Structure of submandibular glands

A

Branched tubulo-acinar type
Often interspersed with fat
Display 2 types of secretory cells:
1. Pale staining mucus-producing cells
2. Darker staining enzyme producing serous cells

Serous cells form acini or lie at the closed ends of the tubules forming Demi-lunes

83
Q

What do submandibular glands produce

A

A mixed secretion, part mucus and part an enzyme-rich secretion

84
Q

Sources of epidermal growth factor that promotes growth of epithelium in GI tract

A

Parotid and submandibular glands

85
Q

Epiglottis structure

A

Covered by a stratified squamous epithelium
Posterior surface = pseudo stratified columnar ciliates epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
Internally:
Plate of elastic cartilage
Submucosa often contains lymph nodules and salivary glands

86
Q

3 components of mucosa

A
  • a lining epithelium that is often folded
  • a layer of connective tissue (lamina propria) that often contains lymphoid tissue
  • muscularis mucosa= a ring of smooth muscle
87
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

A rich plexus of nerves part of the enteric nervous system in the submucosa of the gut tube
Regulates the mucosa and processes of absorption and secretion

88
Q

Auerbach’s plexus

A

Nerves of the enteric nervous plexus between two layers of muscle in muscularis propria
Regulates much of the contractile activity of the gut

89
Q

Lining of oesophagus below thoracic diaphragm

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Can become the site of pathological change
Thicker muscle layer

90
Q

Submucosa of oesophagus

A

Contains sero-mucous glands whose secretions lubricate the oesophagus
At distal end = contains many large, thin-walled veins (may become the site of oesophageal varicosities)

91
Q

Muscularis externa of oesophagus

A

Composed mainly of skeletal muscle
At distal end - mostly composed of smooth muscle

92
Q

Rugae

A

Visible longtitudinal folds of mucosa in stomach

93
Q

Lining of stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium punctuated by gastric pits into which the gastric glands drain

94
Q

Muscularis propria of stomach layers

A

3- additional oblique layer of fibres closest to the mucosa that helps to churn up the food within the stomach

95
Q

Gastric glands of 4 sections of stomach

A

fundus and body show very similar histological structure particularly with respects to their gastric glands.
The cardia and pylorus have a different histological appearance.

mucosa of the stomach contains many tubular glands within its mucosa. These fill the lamina propria and discharge their secretions into gastric pits that communicate with the lumen of the stomach.

96
Q

Mucus neck cells

A

provide a lubricatory, acid-resistant mucus

97
Q

Types of gastric glands in fundus and body of stomach

A

Mucus neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

98
Q

Types of gastric glands in cardiac and pylorus of stomach

A

Mucus neck cells

99
Q

Varicosities

A

occur when your veins become enlarged, dilated, and overfilled with blood. Varicose veins typically appear swollen and raised, and have a bluish-purple or red color.

100
Q

Site of oesophageal varicosities

A

Submucosal layer at distal end of oesophagus

101
Q

Gastric pits

A

Several tall straight or branched glands open into each gastric pit

102
Q

Purpose of elastic tissue in stomach

A

Cause collapse of the stomach on emptying
Helps prevent the perforation of the stomach wall by sharp fragments of bone (particularly well-developed in carnivores)

103
Q

Normal pH of gastric juice

A

2

104
Q

Structure of parietal cells

A

Globular shape
Stain bright pink with H&E
Surface deeply invaginated to form intracellular canaliculi
Contain many mitochondria

105
Q

Structure of chief cells

A

Pyramidal shape
Occupy deeper parts of the gastric glands
Part of cytoplasm stains blue with H&E
Cells contain secretion granules

106
Q

For which tissue constituent does pepsin have an affinity

A

It digests proteins but has a particular affinity for collagen
-facilitates break down of meat by attacking the connective tissue between the muscle fibres

107
Q

Pyloric region gastric glands

A

Shorter than those of the body or fundus
Coiled rather than straight
Mainly mucus neck cells
Contains:
- isolated cells that produce gastrin and a bombesin-like peptide
- endocrine cells that produce serotonin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) = regulate breakdown and delivery of foodstuffs to the duodenum

108
Q

What do the endocrine cells in the gastric glands of the pyloric region of the stomach produce and why

A

Serotonin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
- regulate breakdown and delivery of foodstuffs to the duodenum that occurs during the digestion process

109
Q

Plicae circulares

A

Circular folds of the lining of the intestines
Increase surface area available for absorption

110
Q

Where are Plicae circulares most numerous

A

Jejunum

111
Q

Where are Plicae circulares least numerous

A

Distal part of colon

112
Q

Lining of villi

A

Simple columnar epithelium with 2 main cell types:
1. Enterocytes - absorptive cells
2. Goblet cells- mucus secreting cells

113
Q

What do villi contain

A

In its core - a small arteriole, a thin walled venule and a blind-ended lymphatic (lacteal)
Smooth muscle cells that rhythmically shorten the villus, milking the blood and lymph from the villus

114
Q

Role of venules and lacteals in villus

A

Carry absorbed nutrients to the liver

115
Q

Crypts of Lieberkühn

A

Straight tubular glands between the villi of the intestine
Contain a stem cell population
Newly formed cells migrate from the crypts in to the surface of the villi and are eventually sloughed off from the tips

116
Q

Enterocytes

A

Absorptive cells in villi of intestines
Each cell possesses around 300 microvilli
Have specific receptor complexes that allow the uptake of certain immunoglobulins that subsequently form part if the system of passive immunity - most active in neonate in response to immunoglobulins in mother’s first milk (colostrum) but declines in significance within a few months

117
Q

How long is the process of stem cells —> being sloughed off villi

A

5 days

118
Q

Microvilli

A

Surface covered in well-developed glycocalyx that acts as a filter and as an anchorage for exo-enzymes
Most nutrients absorbed by this pathway
Stains intensely by Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) due to high concentration of hexose sugars in glycocalyx

119
Q

Length of duodenum

A

12 inches (30 cm)

120
Q

Structure of duodenum

A

Relatively smooth lining with few plicae circulares
Villi are broad-leaf structures
Relatively few goblet cells
Submucosa filled by Brunner’s gland

121
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

Mucous secreting cells in duodenum- alkaline secretion helps to neutralise the chyme emerging from the stomach

122
Q

Which of the 2 layers of the muscularis extema is thicker

A

The inner circular layer is 4 or 5 times thicker than the outer longitudinal layer

123
Q

Paneth cells

A

Differentiated cells found at the bottom of the crypts and villi
Secrete lysozyme - play an important role in regulating bacterial flora of the gut as it breaks down bacterial cell walls
Bright pink-staining granules

124
Q

Structure of Jejunum

A

Close packed plicae circulares
Long and narrow villi
Relatively short crypts
Many goblet cells present
Lymph nodes present in the Lamina propria
Variable in thickness submucosa - very loose

125
Q

Structure of the ileum

A

Less tightly packed plicae circulares
Shorter villi
Goblet cells increase in numbers towards distal end
Peyer’s patches in submucosa

126
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Large patches of lymphoid tissue present in the submucosa of the ileum

127
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Arises from the caecum
Lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
No villi
Only a few rudimentary crypts
Lamina propria and submucosa filled with lymphoid tissue (amount declines with age)
No muscularis mucosa
Muscularis externa - 2 layers of smooth muscle
Taenia coli originate at base of appendix and run whole length of large intestine

128
Q

Lining of colon

A

No intestinal villi
Mucosa consists of close packed crypts that mainly contain Enterocytes and goblet cells
Lamina propria restricted in volume due to packed nature of crypts
Prominent muscularis mucosa
Mucosa and submucosa have lymph nodules embedded within them as part of GALT system
Muscularis externa = thickened inner circular layer and taenia coli

129
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 longtitudinal bands of smooth muscle that compose outer layer of colon muscularis externa

130
Q

Lining of rectum

A

Simple columnar epithelium

131
Q

Lining of anal canal

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that becomes keratinising at its distal end
Submucosa contains fat and prominent internal plexus of veins (anal varicosities)
Smooth muscle of Muscularis externa is thickened to form internal anal sphincter
Surrounded by striated muscle of external anal sphincter

132
Q

Where is the striated muscle of the external anal sphincter derived from

A

Pelvic bowl

133
Q

Peri-anal skin

A

Contains hair follicles and modified sebaceous glands

134
Q

Where are sweet taste buds located on tongue

A

Mainly at the tip

135
Q

Where are salty taste buds located on tongue

A

Either side towards the front of the tongue

136
Q

Where are sour taste buds located on tongue

A

Either side towards the back of the tongue

137
Q

Where are bitter taste buds located on tongue

A

Across the whole back of the tongue

138
Q

Where are immunoglobulins in parotid saliva produced

A

Plasma cells resident in the gland produce immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Are discharged in the saliva where they combine with proteinaceous secretory pieces also produced by the glands

139
Q

Function of immunoglobulins in parotid saliva

A

Complexes are protected from digestion which allows the IgAs to reach the intestine unmodified

140
Q

Dental plaque

A

Calcified deposit rich in dead or dying oral bacteria and food debris

141
Q

Striated duct

A

Part of the duct of the parotid gland
Result of deep invaginations of the basal plasmalemma of the cells and large elongated mitochondria that lie perpendicularly between them
Capable of secretion and reabsorption of water and ions from the saliva

142
Q

Do salivary enzymes continue to function in the stomach

A

Have a neutral pH optima so are inactivated by the acid environment of the stomach
In bolus of food, enzymes are shielded from gastric juices so continue to act until bolus is dispersed

143
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Promotes the secretion of HCl by the parietal cells in the body and fundus of the stomach

144
Q

Which cells secrete gastrin

A

Endocrine secreting cells in pyloric region of stomach and duodenum

145
Q

2 parts of intrinsic innervation of gut

A

Auerbach’s plexus
Meissner’s plexus

146
Q

What lines most of the mouth

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium over a loose fibrous connective tissue storms

147
Q

Where are the circumvallate papillae

A

Between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 tongue

148
Q

Function of filiform papillae

A

Roughen surface of the tongue- aids mastication

149
Q

Unique structure of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Epithelium overlies a lymphoid infiltrate (part of Waldeyer’s ring)
- blue layer when stained with H&E

150
Q

In which gland are all acini serous

A

Parotid

151
Q

In which glands are acini mostly mucous

A

Sublingual gland
Buccal glands
Lingual glands

152
Q

Are mucous or serous acini dark staining

A

Serous

153
Q

What feature confirms oesophageal origin of cells

A

Squamous lined ducts in lamina propria

154
Q

What type of acini cells are in submandibular gland

A

Both serous and mucous acini

155
Q

Which two parts of stomach are histologically the same

A

Gastric body and gastric fundus

156
Q

Features of gastric antrum

A

Long crypts that branch
Lined by mucous-secreting cells
Lack parietal cells

157
Q

What percentage of the thickness of the antrum and pylorus is superficial zone of the mucosa

A

More than half

158
Q

What percentage of the thickness of the cardia is superficial zone of the mucosa

A

50%

159
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

A

Intrinsic factor
HCl

160
Q

Features of lining of small intestine

A

Crypts and villi

161
Q

What do Brunner’s glands secrete

A

Bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretion

162
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found

A

Duodenum

163
Q

Which cells lie below epithelium in ileum

A

Lymphoid cells (MALT) - Peyer’s patch

164
Q

How to tell difference between appendix and colon

A

Lymphoid tissue in appendix

165
Q

Which part of GI tract does not have villi

A

Appendix
Colon

166
Q

Which cells lie below epithelium in duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands

167
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus

A

Muscularis propria

168
Q

Where is Meissener’s plexus

A

Submucosa of gut tube

169
Q

Colorectal histology

A

Same whole length from caecum —> rectum

Histology (17 decks)

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