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Histology > Skin And Breast > Flashcards

Skin And Breast Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers of epidermis are there

A

4

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2
Q

4 layers of epidermis

A

Germinative (stratum basale) layer
Spinous layer (stratum spinosum)
Narrow granular layer (stratum granulosum)
Dead keratinised squames (stratum corneum)

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3
Q

Germinative layer (stratum basale)

A

Base
Composed of a single row of cells

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4
Q

Spinous layer (stratum spinosum)

A

Thickest layer

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5
Q

Narrow granular layer (stratum granulosum)

A

Cells contain keratohyaline granules - the precursor of keratin

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6
Q

Dead keratinised squames (stratum corneum)

A

Overall thickness varies from site to site in the body to reflect the amount of abrasion occurring at the site

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7
Q

What layer is deep to the epidermis

A

Dermis

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8
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

On rich in glycosaminoglycan close to the epidermis
A deeper collagenous layer below

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9
Q

What other structures are found in the dermis

A

Roots of hairs and sweat glands that have grown down from the epidermis
Sensory nerve endings of skin- sensory transducers
Plexuses of blood vessels

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10
Q

Where is the keratinised layer thick

A

Soles of feet
Parts of hands

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11
Q

What is the keratinised layer thin

A

On parts of the abdomen and thorax
On the lips
Over some part of the external genitalia

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12
Q

Why is the skin on the palms of feet and hands thick

A

due to significant compression and abrasion
Hairless skim

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13
Q

Living epidermis below keratin

A

Generally compact
Its boundary with the underlying dermis is very ‘wavy’ creating very many dermal papillae

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14
Q

What are the precursors of keratin

A

Keratohyaline granules

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15
Q

Is the granular layer dark or light staining

A

Very dark staining

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16
Q

What is the most superficial living layer of the epidermis

A

Granular layer

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17
Q

What are the majority of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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18
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Derived from stem cells within the germinal layer of the epidermis that rests on a basement membrane adjacent to the dermis of the skin

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19
Q

Melanocytes origin

A

Derived from the neural crest of the embryo and migrate into the epidermis during development

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20
Q

Melanocytes function

A

Produce melanin pigment granules that are transferred to the keratinocytes of the basal and prickle cell layers of the skin

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21
Q

Where is melanin stored

A

Keratinocytes
-amount stored = proportional to colour of skin

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22
Q

Where is melanin produced

A

Melanocytes

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23
Q

How to identify dividing cells

A

Pale staining of cytoplasm
Compact nature of nuclear chromatin

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24
Q

Cells of spinous layer (prickle cell)

A

Cells are joined tightly by desmosomes that prevent the skin from splitting when stretch
If the cells shrink during processing the desmosomes connections become more evident and the cells appear spiny

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25
Q

What prevents the skin from splitting when stretch

A

Desmosomes in spinous (prickle cell) layer

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26
Q

Where are langerhan’s cells found

A

Epidermis- particularly in spinous (prickle cell) layer

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27
Q

Langerhan’s cells structure

A

Pale cytoplasm
Ovoid or irregular shaped nucleus

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28
Q

Langerhan’s cells function

A

Antigen-detecting cells, part of the immune system of the skin
Increases dramatically in number in inflammatory situatins

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29
Q

Where are merkel cells present

A

Basal layer of epidermis

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30
Q

Merkel cell function

A

Form synapses with nerve fibres in the dermis and convey the sensation of fine touch

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31
Q

Where does hair arise from

A

Germinative epithelium within the hair bulb that also contains melanocytes responsible for the pigmentation of the haur

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32
Q

What cells are responsible for the pigmentation of hair

A

Melanocytes

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33
Q

Where does hair lengthen

A

Within a root sheath composed of epidermis with the same layer of the rest of the skin but a thickened basement membrane (glassy membrane)

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34
Q

Glassy membrane

A

Thickened basement membrane of root sheath

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35
Q

What surrounds each hair

A

A collagenous follicle sheath into which is inserted an erector pili muscle (smooth muscle) that is autonomically jnnervated

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36
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of erector pili muscle

A

Causes the muscle to contact and hairs to stand on end

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37
Q

What opens into the hair shaft

A

One or more sebaceous glands that lubricate the emerging hair

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38
Q

Hairless follicles

A

Provide surface lubrication to the skin
Eg face and groin

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39
Q

What surrounds a hair bulb

A

Fatty connective tissue

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40
Q

What forms the nails of fingers and toes

A

Compacted keratin

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41
Q

Where do nails arise from

A

Nail matrix cells that are located under a fold of skin (eponychium or cuticle) at proximal end of nail

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42
Q

Lunula

A

A pale crescent of nail matrix cells seen through the semi-transparent nail near the cuticle

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43
Q

Hyponychium

A

Nail lengthens across the epidermal nail bed to which it remains firmly attached except at the distal end where it underlain by a fold of skin (hyponychium)

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44
Q

Result of destruction of the nail matrix

A

Permanent loss of the nail

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45
Q

Outer layer of dermis

A

Closest to epidermis
Contains collagen and elastic fibres (fibrous layer)

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46
Q

Deeper layer of dermis

A

Contains much adipose tissue (fatty layer)

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47
Q

What is the most common sweat gland

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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48
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Consist of a tightly coiled knot of fluid-secreting cells and a straight duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
Duct extends to the surface of the skin
Coiled secretory portion is surrounded by flattened myoepithelia cells

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49
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile cells that surround the coiled part of the eccrine sweat glands and help to expel sweat

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50
Q

Lining of duct of eccrine sweat glands

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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51
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Produce pheromone
Found in armpits, around the anus and on external genitalka

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52
Q

Which cells produce pheromone

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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53
Q

Which 2 types of sensory transducers can be easily detected

A

Pacinian corpuscle
Meissner’s corpuscle

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54
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Large structure with a nerve ending at its core

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55
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Numerous and have a spiral appearance
Located mainly in the dermal papillae

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56
Q

What stain is used to stain nerves black

A

Osmium tetroxide

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57
Q

Function of a Pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure sensor mostly in dermis of skin
Can be found in other organs eg pancreas

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58
Q

What does a Pacinian corpuscle look like

A

Oniom

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59
Q

Eyelids

A

Covered on the outside by thin hairy skin with a row of prominent eyelashes at its margin
Sweat glands discharge on to the outside surface
Inside of the eyelid is lined by a moist conjunctiva consisting of a stratified columnar epithelium composed of 2 layers of cells

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60
Q

Inside lining of eyelid

A

lined by a moist conjunctiva consisting of a stratified columnar epithelium composed of 2 layers of cells

61
Q

What is contained within the substance of the eyelid

A

Eyelashes
Striated muscle fibres of the orbicularis oculi muscle
Several glands to keep the surface of the eye moist and protected from infection or dehydration

62
Q

Largest gland in eyelid

A

Meibomian gland

63
Q

Meibomian gland

A

A modified sebaceous gland that secretes a lipid rich secretion that reduces evaporation from the cornea of the ehe

64
Q

Smaller sweat glands in eyelid

A

Moll

65
Q

Smaller sebaceous glands in eyelid

A

Zeis

66
Q

Smaller accessory lacrimal glands in eyelid

A

Kraus
Wolfring

67
Q

Function of orbicularis oculi muscle

A

Allows you to screw up your eyes

68
Q

Formation of the breast

A

Paired epithelial rudiments derived from sweat glands are present from birth.
They begin to enlarge 1 to 2 years before menarche. The process starts between the ages of 9 and 11 years under the influence of oestrogen

69
Q

What causes the enlargement of the breasts

A

Oestrogen

70
Q

At what age do the breasts start to enlarge

A

9-11

71
Q

What are the breast composed of at first

A

Mostly adipose tissue
Into this grow solid cords of epithelial cells from the nipple which branch, hollow out and form lactiferous ducts

72
Q

Differentiation into adult (inactive) breasts continues up to what age

A

15-18

73
Q

How is the breast divided

A

Into 15-20 segments separated by fibrous septa that radiate from the nipple

74
Q

What attaches the breast to the chest wall and overlying skin

A

Thickened fibrous strands (suspensory ligaments of Cooper)

75
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Open onto surface of nipple via lactiferous sinuses but remain blind ended with little or no development of secretory alveoli before pregnancy

76
Q

What causes tenderness or discomfort in breasts

A

Adult inactive breasts are however responsive to fluctuating hormone levels. In the second half of each menstrual cycle progesterone-promoted oedema often leads to distension of the segments. This may cause tenderness or discomfort.

77
Q

What causes oedema of breast

A

Progesterone

78
Q

Nipple

A

A raised area of skin with a fibro-muscular core containing between 12-20 small openings of lactiferous ducts
Surrounded by a more flattened Stella

79
Q

Number of lactiferous ducts per nipple

A

12-20

80
Q

Areola

A

Hairless more flattened area surrounding nipple
Contains numerous raised sebaceous glands - Montgomery’s tubercles

81
Q

Montgomery’s tubercles

A

Sebaceous glands in areola

82
Q

Why do the nipple and areola undergo heavy pigmentation

A

After first pregnancy

83
Q

Smooth Muscles fibres of breast

A

Able to change shape and protuberance of nipple and areola

84
Q

What type of epithelium lines the lactiferous duct

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium (roughly circular nucleus)

85
Q

What causes the epithelial tissues to enter a proliferation phase in the first trimester of pregnancy

A

Oestrogen
Growth hormone
Cortisol

86
Q

Proliferation phase of epithelial tissue in first trimester

A

Ducts divide and secretory alveoli develop at their ends

87
Q

Secretory alveoli

A

Consist of clusters of columnar epithelial cells surrounded by a mesh work of flattened myoepithelial cells

88
Q

What is full development of lactating breasts dependent on

A

Prolactin
Progesterone
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS or human placental lactogen hPL)
Adrenal corticosteroids
Insulin

89
Q

What happens after the proliferative phase

A

Alveolar cells mature and secretory material builds up within them and in the lumina
Storms becomes depleted of adipose tissue

90
Q

Breasts in later stages of pregnancy

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells accumulate in the stoma
Cells produce antibodies that appear in the colostrum and confer passive immunity of the newborn

91
Q

What happens as suckling commences

A

Myoepithelial cells that surround the terminal acini contract and the milk is expressed

92
Q

What suppresses lactation

A

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone

93
Q

How are milk proteins released

A

Merocrine process

94
Q

How are milk fats released from the cell

A

Apocrine process

95
Q

What makes up a large part of the stroma of the breast in its lactating state

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue- mostly collagen fibes

96
Q

What are moles

A

Formed from a dense aggregation of melanocytes and their attendant keratinocytes

97
Q

Where in the skin do blisters caused by abrasion most commonly form

A

Dermal/epidermal interface

98
Q

Where in the skin do blisters caused by heat most commonly form

A

May occur at any depth and may involve deep layers of dermis

99
Q

Which hormone induces the expression of milk during breast feeding

A

Oxytocin

100
Q

Where is oxytocin released from

A

Anterior pituitary

101
Q

Action of oxytocin

A

Causes Myoepithelial cells surrounding the secretory alveoli of the breast to contract and help expel the milk

102
Q

What stimulates oxytocin secretion

A

Tactile stimulation of the nipple

103
Q

Function of skin

A

Barrier to infection
Waterproofing
Thermoregulation
Protection against trauma
Protection against UV light
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensation

104
Q

What cells are found in the stratum basale

A

Basal epithelial cells (stem cells)
Melanocytes

105
Q

Function of melanin

A

Absorbs UV light protecting us from non-ionising radiation damage

106
Q

Density of melanocytes in basal layer

A

1000-2000 per mm^2

107
Q

How is melanin transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes

A

Melanosomes

108
Q

What hormones stimulate the synthesis of melanin

A

MSH
ACTH

109
Q

Shape of keratinocytes

A

Polygonal

110
Q

Function of merkel cells

A

Sensory

111
Q

Function of langerhan’s cells

A

Antigen recognition

112
Q

Flattened squames of stratum granulosum

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasm
Haematoxophilic kerato-hyaline granules

113
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only present in the thicker skin of the palms and soles. Its main function is to reduce friction between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum

114
Q

Epidermal adnexae

A

Down-growths of epidermis into dermis and subcutis eg hair follicles, sebaceous glands

115
Q

Mechanism of sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine secretion- entire cells lost

116
Q

Where are apocrine glands found

A

Axillae
Groins
Cerminous glands in the ear

117
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Surface budding
Eosinophilic cytoplasm

118
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Coiled tubes
2 cell layers thick- inner secretory and outer Myoepithelial
Merocrine secretion- exocytosis

119
Q

Length of Meissner’s corpus

A

30-140 um long

120
Q

Function of Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Fine touch

121
Q

Length of Pacinian corpuscle

A

1-4 mm long

122
Q

Function of Pacinian corpuscle

A

Vibration and tickle

123
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found

A

Deep dermis

124
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found

A

Dermal papillae especially in hairless skin

125
Q

Subcutis

A

White adipose tissue and fibrovascular septa

126
Q

Subcutis function

A

Insulation
Shock absorber
Food store

127
Q

Terminal duct lobular units of breast

A

Lobules arranged around a terminal duct
Set in loose fibrous connective tissue

128
Q

Two layers of cells of ducts and lobules

A

Outer Myoepithelial layer
Inner columnar epithelium

129
Q

How to recognise breast is lactating

A

Inner layer of secretory cells become vacuolated

130
Q

3 histological layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis

131
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is acellular

A

Stratum corneum

132
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains visible desmosomes

A

Stratum spinosum

133
Q

Which is the outermost layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum

134
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

135
Q

Keratin is synthesised in which layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum granulosum

136
Q

What do melanocytes synthesise melanin from

A

Tyrosine

137
Q

What does melanin protect us from

A

Effects of UV light

138
Q

What is a hair bulb

A

A downward extension of the epidermis into the dermis

139
Q

What is a hair papilla

A

A specialised part of the dermis that is richly innervated and vascularised

140
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

Axillae
Groins
Perianal skin
External ear canals
Breast areolae
Eyelids

141
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found

A

Associated with hair follicles on the face, scalp, ears, nostrils and vulva

142
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use

A

Holocrine secretion (whole dead cells) to produce a lipid rich secretion

143
Q

What does a pacinian corpuscle detect

A

Pressure (and maybe vibration)

144
Q

What detects pain, temperature and itch

A

Free nerve endings

145
Q

What detects light touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

146
Q

What does the pacinian corpuscle comprise of

A

A central axon surrounded by layers of modified Schwann cells

147
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles found

A

Subcutis

148
Q

Where are meissner’s corpuscles found

A

Papillary dermis

149
Q

How to tell lactating breast tissue

A

Comprises secretory lobules lined by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells and inner layer of vacuolated secretory cells

Histology (17 decks)

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