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Histology > Female Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

What does the female external genitalia consist of

A

Mons pubis
Labia major and minor
Clitoris

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2
Q

What covers the mons pubis from puberty

A

Hairy skin with substantial fatty connective tissue beneath

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3
Q

How is the skin of the mons pubis and labia different

A

Mons pubis = hairy skin with enlarged sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands
Labia = no hairs, sebaceous glands and heavily pigmented epidermis

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4
Q

Lining of vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Vulval end - thinly keratinised
Elsewhere - moist non-keratinised

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5
Q

Thickness of vaginal epithelium

A

Thin before puberty and after menopause
At onset of menarche and throughout reproductive life becomes thickened

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6
Q

What lies beneath epithelium of vagina

A

Lamina propria containing many small blood vessels
Fluid diffusing from these keeps the epithelium moist

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7
Q

What surrounds the vaginal epithelium

A

A fibro-muscular tube consisting of a mixture of collagen , elastic and smooth muscle fibres
At its lower end a vaginal sphincter of skeletal muscle is also present

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8
Q

Which glands discharge postero-laterally into the lower end of the vagina at its junction with the vulva

A

Mucous secreting glands of Bartholin

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9
Q

Cyclic changes in epithelium of vagina and cervix during menstrual cycle

A

The surface cells accumulate glycogen and many flake off (desquamate) following ovulation.
The desquamated cells rupture and bacteria feed on the glycogen, generating lactic acid.
This creates a low pH within the vagina that deters the entry of pathogenic organisms.

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10
Q

What generates a low pH within the vagina

A

Production of lactic acid by bacteria feeding on glycogen from desquamated cells

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11
Q

How can you take a sample of exfoliated Squames

A

With a spatula or brush and smearing it on to a glass slide

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12
Q

What colour are cells from the outermost layer of vagina

A

Pale green

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13
Q

What colour are cells from the inner layer of vagina

A

Pink

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14
Q

Location of cervix

A

Protrudes into the anterior superior wall of the vagina
Surrounded by the anterior, lateral and posterior fornices

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15
Q

What epithelium covers the cervix

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

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16
Q

What lines the cervical canal between the internal and external Ostia

A

Tall columnar epithelium that is thrown into deep gland-like folds

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17
Q

Stroma of cervix

A

Consists of fibrous connective tissue intermingled with smooth muscle fibres

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18
Q

How is the Stroma of the cervix hormonally sensitive

A

Softens during childbirth and canal widens to become part of birth canal

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19
Q

Mucus secreted by cervix during first half of menstrual cycle

A

Thin and watery

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20
Q

Mucus secreted by cervix after ovulation and during pregnancy

A

Viscous
Serves as a plug to prevent the entry of microorganisms into the uterine cavity

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21
Q

Where is the transition zone

A

Between the sensitive cervical lining and outer stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What is the transition zone vulnerable to

A

Prone to infection and erosion
Common site for development of cancerous lesions

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23
Q

What lines the inside of the body and Fundus of the uterus

A

Epithelial endometrium

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24
Q

What composed the myometrium of the body and Fundus of the uterus

A

3 poorly defined layers of smooth muscle

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25
Q

How does pregnancy affect the myometrium of the uterus

A

Hormonally sensitive
Increase in number- hyperplasia
Become enlarged - hypertrophy

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26
Q

Where do large arteries and veins run in the uterus myometrium

A

Inner and middle layers

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27
Q

Large arteries and veins in the myometrium of the uterus

A

Supply the endometrium of uterus and give rise to spiral arteries that play a role in the process of menstruation

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28
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands surrounded by a sub-epithelial stroma

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29
Q

What happens to the endometrium in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Thickness of stroma and length of glands increases during first half of menstrual cycke

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30
Q

What happens to the endometrium in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Glands secrete
Stroma differentiates to create an environment conducive to implantation of a fertilised ovum

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31
Q

What is shed at menstruation

A

Most of the endometrium- decidua (functional layer)
Only the bases of the glands and surrounding stroma are left to establish a new endometrium in the next cycle

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32
Q

How long is the proliferation phase of endometrial development

A

10 days

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33
Q

What occurs during the proliferation phase of menstruation

A

Regrowth of new glands, stroma and blood vessels
Tubular glands appear straight and do not yet secrete endometrial mucus
Stroma is compact and contains straight extensions of endometrial arteries and veins

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34
Q

What is successful regrowth of the endometrium dependent on

A

Presence of oestrogen

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35
Q

Secretory endometrium structure

A

At time of ovulation - cells of endometrial glands display large vacuole-like accumulations of glycogen below their nuclei used to synthesise mucins that are secreted and line uterine cavity
Glands take on an irregular sacculated appearance and secretions appear in lumina
Stroma become oedematous (swollen with fluid) in places and arteries within it lengthen and take on spiral form

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36
Q

Function of mucins that line surface of uterine cavity

A

Attract and nourish the conceptus should fertilisation occur

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37
Q

Length of secretory phase

A

12 days

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38
Q

What happens towards the end of the secretory phase

A

Spiral arteries briefly close down, open again and leak blood into the stroma

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39
Q

What causes the decidua to detach and menses to begin

A

Temporary anoxia coupled with hydraulic pressure of the blood disrupts the stroma following spiral arteries closing then reopening

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40
Q

What is required for the successful transition from proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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41
Q

Length of fallopian tube

A

10cm

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42
Q

Where is the fallopian tube located

A

Within broad ligament

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43
Q

Regions of uterine tube

A

Intramural part - embedded in wall of uterus
Short narrow isthmus
Long ampulla
Wide infundibulum closest to ovary

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44
Q

Epithelium of uterine tubes- how does it vary

A

Thrown into complex folds at wide infundibulum but reduces to a simple star shaped folding at isthmus

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45
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like processes of the infundibulum that become erect at ovulation and clasp the ovary ensuring safe transfer of ovum to tube

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46
Q

Structure of uterine tubes

A

2 helical layers of smooth muscle- inner circular and outer longitudinal

47
Q

Lining of uterine tubes

A

Simple columnar epithelium- some ciliated and some mucous secreting cells

48
Q

How are the epithelial cells of the uterine tubes hormonally sensitive

A

Cells are taller and cilia beat more strongly at time of ovulation
Secretions are thinner and more copious

49
Q

Germinal epithelium

A

A layer of cuboidal cells sitting on a thickened basement membrane
Where the mesovarium is continuous with the surface layer of the ovary

50
Q

3 parts of the ovary

A

Hilum
Medulla
Cortex

51
Q

Medulla of ovary

A

Contains stromal cells including some testosterone-secreting cells

52
Q

Cortex of ovary

A

Contains primordial germ cells
May also contain follicles known as one or more stages of development from primary to atretic follicles

53
Q

When do germ cells migrate into the ovary

A

10th week of uterine development

54
Q

When is prophase 1 of meiosis (primary oocytes) reached

A

Around time of birth

55
Q

How many primordial germ cells begin to differentiate each menstrual cycle

A

Up to 20

56
Q

Dormant primordial follicles

A

A germ cell enclosed in a theca derived from stromal cells

57
Q

Follicular development

A

Initially the theca consists of a single layer of squamous cells (primordial follicles) that later become cuboidal or columnar in shape. The theca then differentiates into inner granulosa cells (theca interna) that begin to secrete oestrogen and outer flattened cells (theca externa) and the follicle becomes a secondary follicle. At this stage too the germ cell develops a prominent zona pellucida that separates it from the theca.
Further growth and development of the theca, particularly the granulosa cells results eventually in the development of a mature Graafian follicle by which time the follicle has developed a fluid filled antrum and the oocyte is attached to the periphery by a stalk of granulosa cells know as the cumulus oophorus.
It should be noted that many follicles that start to differentiate fail to develop fully and perish as atritic follicles.
Once the oocyte is released from the Graafian follicle at ovulation the theca persists and continues to secrete oestrogen and progesterone as a corpus luteum even beyond the end of the menstrual cycle should fertilization and implanation occur (corpus luteum of pregnancy).

58
Q

Theca interna

A

Inner granulosa cells that secrete oestrogen

59
Q

Theca externa

A

Outer flattened cels

60
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Separates the germ cell from the theca

61
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Follicle has developed a fluid filled antrum

62
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

A stalk of granulosa cells that attaches the oocyte to the periphery of the Graafian follicle

63
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

64
Q

Which hormone causes thecal cells to secrete oestrogen and progesterone

A

Luteinising hormone

65
Q

For how long does the corpus luteum secrete oestrogen and progesterone

A

10 days

66
Q

For how long does the corpus luteum of pregnancy secrete oestrogen and progesterone

A

Up to 4 weeks until the developing placenta is fully established

67
Q

Thecal lutein cells

A

Synthesise oestrogen
Small proportion of cells found in the centre of the corpus luteum

68
Q

Final involution of the corpus luteum- corpus albicans

A

Results in formation of a pale staining fibrous mass

69
Q

What hormone do most surviving thecal cells produce

A

Progesterone

70
Q

What colour do cells stain from the deeper layers of the vaginal wall later in the menstrual cycle

A

Darker-staining orange

71
Q

What colour do cells stain from the deeper layers of the vaginal wall in the first half of the menstrual cycle

A

Paler grey-staining

72
Q

How does the uterus increase during pregnancy

A

As placenta begins to develop, burst in mitotic division within the myometrium that increases number of smooth muscle cells- short duration
Most of enlargement due to hypertrophy of muscle cells

73
Q

How does the uterus regress after birth

A

Muscle cells lose mass and uterus returns to more or less original size

74
Q

Where does fertilisation of an ovum normally occur

A

Ampulla of uterine tube but can occur anywhere in tube or uterus

75
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies often implant

A

Uterine tube
Can also occur in peritoneal cavity

76
Q

What is the cycle of a follicle

A

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Graafian OR reabsorbed as atretic follicles

77
Q

Shape of cells in theca externa

A

Outer spindle shaped cells
Small stellate in shape
Pale staining

78
Q

Shape of cells in theca interna

A

More rounded
Larger
Strongly pink staining

79
Q

Name of 2 major regions of endometrium

A

Stratum basale - remains after menses
Decidua -shed at menses

80
Q

What vestigial structure is often present in the mesovarium and what is its origin

A

Oophoron
Homologue of part of male genital tract

81
Q

Through which part of the ovary does eruption of the Graafian follicle normally occur

A

Erupts through the germinal epithelium on the anti mesenteric border of the ovary
- simple cuboidal epithelium that is continuous with squamous epithelium of peritoneum

82
Q

Attachments of the ovary

A

To broad ligament by mesovary
To uterus by utero-ovarian ligament
To pelvic wall by suspensory ligament

83
Q

What covers the ovary

A

A single layer of modified mesothelium

84
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Spindle stromal cells arranged in whorls/storiform pattern
Ovarian follicles
Some luteinised cells

85
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

Loose fibroelastic tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Rete ovarii-analogue of rete testis - present at the hilum

86
Q

Where are primordial follicles located

A

Periphery of cortex

87
Q

What surrounds the primordial follicles

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells - granulosa cells

88
Q

What stimulates follicular development

A

Cyclic FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

89
Q

Transition from primordial to primary follicle

A

Follicular epithelial cells proliferate- squamous to cuboidal or columnar appearance
Oocyte enlarges
Stromal cells become organised into connective tissue sheath
Zona pellucida forms directly around oocyte

90
Q

Primary to secondary follicle

A

Formation of antrum (space filled with follicular fluid)
CT differentiates into theca interna and theca externa
Oocyte supported by cumulus oophorus

91
Q

Structure of Graafian follicle

A

Ovum surrounded by thick Zona pellucida and corona radiata

92
Q

Corpus luteum shape of cells

A

Granulosa and theca cells become polygonal, larger in size and have abundant cytoplasm contains lipid

93
Q

Regression of corpus luteum

A

Granulosa cells decrease in size
Develop pyknotic nuclei and accumulate abnormal lipid
Cells undergo dissolution and are Phagocytosed
Progressive fibrosis by ingrowth of connective tissue

94
Q

Composition of corpus albcians

A

Densely packed collagen with occasional follicles

95
Q

Cell types in fallopian tube

A

Secretory
Ciliated
Peg cells
Basal

96
Q

Peg cells

A

Effette secretory

97
Q

Basal cells in fallopian tube

A

Lymphocytes

98
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Serosa

99
Q

Layers of uterine endometrium

A

Deep basal layer- stratum basalis
Superficial functional layer- stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum

100
Q

Characteristics of proliferative endometrium

A

Straight proliferating glands with mitotic activity
No luminal secretions
Spindled stromal cells and compact with mitotic activity

101
Q

Characteristics of early secretory endometrium

A

Sub-nuclear glycogen vacuoles

102
Q

Characteristics of mid secretory endometrium

A

Vacuoles above and below the nucleus
Later intraluminal secretions
Glands more rounded
Stroma - oedema

103
Q

Characteristics of late secretory endometrium

A

Elongated and saw-toothed glands with more intraluminal secretions
Stroma- spiral arterioles, decidual change

104
Q

Characteristics of menstrual endometrium

A

Stromal haemorrhage and granulocytes
Stromal and glandular fragmentation

105
Q

Endocervix

A

Loose fibromuscular stroma lined by simple columnar ciliated epithelium
Thrown into crypts

106
Q

Ectocervix

A

Dense smooth muscle stroma lined by non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
Site of squamocolumnar junction varies
Atrophic in postmenopausal women

107
Q

Labia majora

A

Lined by keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
Has skin adnexae

108
Q

Labia minora lining

A

Non keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

109
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

Tubuloalveolar glands
Acini lined by mucus-secreting epithelium

110
Q

Minor vestibular glands

A

Simple tubular glands lined by mucus-secreting epithelium

111
Q

Skein’s glands (periurethral glands)

A

Analogous to prostate
Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

112
Q

Hymen

A

Lined by non-keratinising squamous epithelium

113
Q

Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue rich in blood vessels and nerves

Histology (17 decks)

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