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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 13: Silviculture and Ecosystem Management > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Silviculture and Ecosystem Management Flashcards

1
Q

This is the theory and practice of controlling forest to meet management goals

A

Silviculture

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2
Q

What are six examples of forest attributes that silviculture can be used to control?

A

Establishment; Growth rate; Species composition; Health/viability; Product quality; Aesthetics

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3
Q

What are five examples of goals that silviculture can be used to meet?

A

Timber; Wildlife habitat; Water quality; Range production; Scenery

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4
Q

Silviculture is based on understanding of these three concepts

A

Tree silvics; Ecological succession; Effect of disturbance

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5
Q

What are the two types of forest stands?

A

Even- and uneven-aged stands

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6
Q

In this type of forest stand, all trees are roughly the same age

A

Even-aged stand

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7
Q

This type of forest stand occurs where disturbance is frequent and large scale

A

Even-aged stand

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8
Q

Even-aged forests create stands of these

A

Early successional species

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9
Q

How are even-aged stands classified?

A

By development stage

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10
Q

Are young even-aged stands dense or thin?

A

Dense

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11
Q

Young even-aged stands naturally do this with age

A

Self thin

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12
Q

What kind of canopy do even-aged stands develop?

A

Uniform canopy

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13
Q

Do even-aged stands have high vertical stratification?

A

No

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14
Q

When is wood production at its maximum in even-aged stands?

A

During mature stage

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15
Q

What are the four classifications of mature forest tree crowns?

A

Dominant, codominant, intermediate, suppressed

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16
Q

These tree crowns emerge above the canopy

A

Dominant

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17
Q

What percentage of a dominant tree’s crown receives full sun?

A

80%

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18
Q

These tree crowns comprise the canopy layer

A

Codominant

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19
Q

What percentage of a codominant tree’s crown receives full sun?

A

50-80%

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20
Q

These tree crowns are under the canopy layer

A

Intermediate

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21
Q

What percentage of an intermediate tree’s crown receives full sun?

A

20-50%

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22
Q

These tree crowns are well under the canopy

A

Suppressed

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23
Q

Do crowns of suppressed trees receive little full sun?

A

Yes

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24
Q

This type of tree stand has trees of many different ages

A

Uneven-aged stand

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25
Q

This type of forest stand occurs where disturbance is infrequent and small-scale

A

Uneven-aged stand

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26
Q

Uneven-aged stands are made up of this type of tree species

A

Late successional species

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27
Q

Do uneven-aged stands have less uniform crowns than even-aged stands?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Do uneven-aged stands have more vertical stratification than even-aged stands?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Is the vertical stratification in uneven-aged stands bad for wildlife?

A

No

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30
Q

Is wood production from uneven-aged stands inconsistent?

A

No

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31
Q

What are the two types of silvicultural methods?

A

Stand improvement (Intermediate treatment) methods and regeneration methods

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32
Q

When are stand improvement methods applied?

A

Between regeneration and harvest

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33
Q

What is another name for stand improvements?

A

Intermediate treatments

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34
Q

What are four forest qualities that can be improved by stand improvement methods?

A

Composition, growth, health, quality

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35
Q

Stand improvements may or may not generate this

A

Revenue

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36
Q

What are five intermediate treatments?

A

Release cut; Improvement cut; Thinning; Pruning; Salvage cut

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37
Q

This intermediate treatment is used in seed and sapling stands

A

Release cut

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38
Q

From what does a release cut free desirable trees?

A

Competition

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39
Q

This intermediate treatment is used in pole or mature stands and removes low quality and diseased trees

A

Improvement cut

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40
Q

This intermediate treatment is used in pole or mature stands and concentrates growth on fewer trees

A

Thinning

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41
Q

How often is managed sawtimber thinned?

A

Every 10-15 years

42
Q

What are the four types of thinning?

A

Low thin, high thin, mechanical thin, crown thin

43
Q

This type of thin cuts suppressed and intermediate trees

A

Low thin

44
Q

This type of thin cuts intermediate and codominant trees

A

High thin

45
Q

This type of thin removes all stems in strips

A

Mechanical thin

46
Q

This type of thin improves wildlife masts

A

Crown thin

47
Q

This intermediate treatment removes lower branches

A

Pruning

48
Q

Old branches create these, that reduce wood quality

A

Knots

49
Q

Is pruning intensive and expensive?

A

Yes

50
Q

This intermediate treatment removes dead and dying trees

A

Salvage cut

51
Q

Do salvage cuts typically follow insect outbreaks and catastrophes?

A

Yes

52
Q

These silvicultural methods involve site preparation and can be natural or artificial

A

Regeneration methods

53
Q

What are five conditions needed for regeneration of vigorous stands?

A

Seedbed; Light; Seedling stocking; Low competition; High seed quality

54
Q

What are three site preparation goals?

A

Reducing competition from residual vegetation; Chopping/burning debris to expose soil; Preparing seedbed for planting

55
Q

What are three types of site preparation tools?

A

Burning, mechanical, chemical

56
Q

What are the two types of site regeneration?

A

Natural and artificial

57
Q

What are four sources of natural regeneration?

A

Seeds carried by wind/animals; Advance regeneration; Stump sprouts; Seed banks

58
Q

This source of natural regeneration was already at the site before harvest

A

Advance regeneration

59
Q

What is another name for stump sprouts?

A

Coppice

60
Q

What are three advantages of natural regeneration?

A

Inexpensive; Generates more natural stand; High species diversity

61
Q

What are three disadvantages of natural regeneration?

A

Less reliable; Less control over seed genotype; Less control over species makeup

62
Q

What are two cultivated sources for artificial regeneration?

A

Nursery seedlings and direct seedlings

63
Q

These seedlings for artificial regeneration are sold as bare-root container stock and are planted by hand or by machine

A

Nursery seedlings

64
Q

These seedlings for artificial regeneration are grown in orchards and are applied on the ground or by air

A

Direct seedling

65
Q

What are three advantages of artificial regeneration?

A

More reliable; Prompt reforestation; Greater control over species/spacing/genes

66
Q

What are two disadvantages of artificial regeneration?

A

Expensive and usually requires site prep

67
Q

These are long-range management and harvest schemes

A

Silvicultural systems

68
Q

What are silvicultural systems designed for?

A

Sustainable wood flow

69
Q

What are the four components of a stand prescription in a silvicultural system?

A

Harvest method; Site preparation; Regeneration type; Intermediate treatments

70
Q

These silvicultural systems produce even-aged stands

A

Even-aged systems

71
Q

This is the time from regeneration to harvest

A

Rotation

72
Q

What is the typical rotation time of an even-aged system?

A

< 50 years

73
Q

Are even-aged systems mandatory for some shade intolerant species?

A

Yes

74
Q

What are four types of even-aged systems?

A

Clearcut; Seed tree; shelterwood; coppice

75
Q

In this type of even-aged system, all trees are removed from the unit

A

Clearcut

76
Q

This type of even-aged system is used with management of shade intolerant species

A

Clearcut

77
Q

What are four types of regeneration in clearcut even-aged systems?

A

Natural seeding; Direct seeding; Planting; Coppice

78
Q

This type of seeding needs small clearcuts

A

Natural seeding

79
Q

Leaving these when clearcutting helps wildlife

A

Snags/fallen logs

80
Q

This type of even-aged system leaves a few mature trees as a seed source

A

Seed tree

81
Q

What are two factors in choosing a seed tree?

A

Seed crop and tree form

82
Q

Seed trees are vulnerable to these two natural effects

A

Wind and lightning

83
Q

What kind of species should be used for seed trees?

A

Deep-rooted species

84
Q

This is typically used to reduce debris and competition from seed trees

A

Site preparation

85
Q

This type of even-aged system leaves overstory trees after harvest for seed and shelter purposes

A

Shelterwood

86
Q

What two kinds of species are used in shelterwood systems?

A

Species that do not germinate in the open and species with dessication-prone seedlings

87
Q

What are two other purposes of shelterwood systems?

A

Reducing visual impact and reducing erosion

88
Q

This type of even-aged system uses stump or root sprouts for regeneration

A

Coppice

89
Q

Are stands typically clearcut in coppice systems?

A

Yes

90
Q

What type of species are usually used in coppice systems?

A

Vigorous sprouting species

91
Q

What are coppice systems usually managed for?

A

Pulpwood

92
Q

Are coppice systems usually managed on long rotations?

A

No

93
Q

These silvicultural systems use selective cutting

A

Uneven-aged systems

94
Q

What are two types of selective cutting used in uneven-aged systems?

A

Single tree selection and group selection

95
Q

Are uneven-aged systems used in areas with little disturbance?

A

Yes

96
Q

Are uneven-aged systems typically used with hardwood or softwood species?

A

Hardwood

97
Q

Do uneven-aged systems create stands of shade tolerant species or shade intolerant species?

A

Shade tolerant

98
Q

Do uneven-aged systems create sustained yield from a single stand?

A

Yes

99
Q

What are typically cut intervals for uneven-aged systems?

A

10-20 years

100
Q

By how much are logging costs higher in uneven-aged systems?

A

20-30%

101
Q

This type of selective cutting has been used in uneven-aged systems of shade-intolerant species with some success

A

Group selection cutting

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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