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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 18: Fire > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Fire Flashcards

1
Q

This is an integral part of many ecosystems

A

Fire

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2
Q

Fire was once thought to be only this

A

Destructive

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3
Q

This has greatly changed many ecosystems

A

Fire suppression

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4
Q

This is the study of fire in ecosystems

A

Fire ecology

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5
Q

What are four focuses of fire ecology?

A
  1. Origin of natural fires; 2. Factors influencing spread and intensity of fire; 3. Relationship of fire and ecosystems; 4. Use of controlled fire for ecosystem health
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6
Q

What are the five concepts that form the basis for fire ecology?

A
  1. Fire dependence; 2. Fire history; 3. Fire regime; 4. Fire effects; 5. Fire adaptations
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7
Q

This describes the reliance of ecosystems on fire

A

Fire dependence

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8
Q

This describes the past association of regions with fire

A

Fire history

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9
Q

This describes the intensity and frequency of fire

A

Fire regime

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10
Q

This describes the impacts of fire on soil, vegetation and hydrology

A

Fire effects

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11
Q

This describes the evolution of fire-related species traits

A

Fire adaptations

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12
Q

What are the three types of systems related to fire?

A
  1. Fire-dependent systems; 2. Fire-sensitive systems; 3. Fire-independent systems
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13
Q

In these systems, fire plays an essential role and its exclusion leads to major changes in the ecosystem

A

Fire-dependent systems

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14
Q

Are many plants and animals in fire-dependent systems fire-adapted?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Is plant reproduction in fire-dependent systems often stimulated by fire?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Are fire-dependent systems less fire-prone and flammable?

A

No

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17
Q

Does plant architecture in fire-dependent systems hinder fire spread?

A

No

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18
Q

In these systems, fire effects are detrimental to the ecosystem

A

Fire-sensitive systems

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19
Q

In fire-sensitive systems, does frequent fire cause a shift to less or more fire-prone vegetation?

A

More fire-prone

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20
Q

Do fire-sensitive species have fire adaptations?

A

No

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21
Q

Does fire-sensitive ecosystem structure inhibit the spread of fire?

A

Yes

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22
Q

In these systems, fire plays little or no role

A

Fire-independent systems

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23
Q

What are three conditions that can make a system fire-independent?

A

Too cold, too dry, too wet

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24
Q

How many global ecosystems depend on fire?

A

More than half

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25
Q

What are five patterns of fire described by fire regimes?

A

Fire type, intensity, severity, frequency, and seasonality

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26
Q

What are three patterns of fire types?

A

Ground, surface, crown

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27
Q

This fire pattern describes the energy release of fire

A

Fire intensity

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28
Q

This fire pattern describes the impact of fire on an ecosystem

A

Fire severity

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29
Q

How is fire severity often measured?

A

As plant mortality

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30
Q

This fire pattern measures fire return interval

A

Fire frequency

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31
Q

This fire pattern describes the time of year when fire is most common

A

Fire seasonality

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32
Q

The frequency of fire varies with this

A

Geography

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33
Q

What three components are required for fire?

A

Fuel, ignition source, oxidizing agent

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34
Q

Forests provide a diversity of these for fire

A

Fuels

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35
Q

What are four types of fire fuel in forests?

A

Trees, woody debris, grasses, litter

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36
Q

What are the two different types of forest ignition sources?

A

Natural and human

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37
Q

What are two natural forest ignition sources?

A

Lightning and volcanoes

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38
Q

What are three human forest ignition sources?

A

Campfires, cigarettes, arson

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39
Q

The atmosphere provides sufficient amounts of this as an oxidizing agent

A

Oxygen gas

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40
Q

What are four factors that determine fire behavior?

A
  1. Forest fuel types; 2. Fuel moisture; 3. Topography; 4. Weather
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41
Q

What are four types of forest fuels?

A

Surface, ground, ladder and aerial fuels

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42
Q

What are four types of surface fuels in forests?

A

Woody debris, litter, grasses, small shrubs

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43
Q

This type of forest fuel is below the surface litter

A

Ground fuel

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44
Q

What are three types of ground fuels in forests?

A

Humus, peat, roots

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45
Q

What are three types of ladder fuels in forests?

A

Small trees, hanging branches, vines

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46
Q

This type of forest fuel is suspended in the forest canopy

A

Aerial fuel

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47
Q

What are the three types of wildfires?

A

Surface, ground, and crown fires

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48
Q

This type of wildfire burns surface fuels

A

Surface fire

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49
Q

Are surface fires hot and rapidly moving?

A

Yes

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50
Q

This soil layer is not completely consumed in a surface fire

A

O layer

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51
Q

What type of vegetation is killed by surface fires?

A

Smaller woody vegetation

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52
Q

This type of wildfire is fed by roots and buried organic matter

A

Ground fire

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53
Q

Are ground fires rapid-moving and high intensity?

A

No

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54
Q

Can ground fires smolder for long periods?

A

Yes

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55
Q

Are ground fires often highly destructive?

A

Yes

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56
Q

Heat exposure from ground fires destroys these three forest components

A

O layer, soil biota, plants

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57
Q

This type of wildfire usually starts as a surface fire, then spreads up the canopy via ladder fuels

A

Crown fire

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58
Q

Can crown fires spread quickly from crown to crown?

A

Yes

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59
Q

Are crown fires highly destructive to plant biomass?

A

Yes

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60
Q

Are crown fires more common in hardwoods or conifers?

A

Conifers

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61
Q

Fuels with this moisture level are highly flammable

A

< 10%

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62
Q

Which burns better, dead vegetation or living vegetation?

A

Dead vegetation

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63
Q

Which burns better, green conifers or green broadleafs?

A

Green conifers

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64
Q

This topographical feature influences fire behavior

A

Slope

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65
Q

Fires do this to uphill fuels, making them ignite faster

A

Preheat uphill fuels

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66
Q

This debris can ignite more fuels on a slope

A

Rolling burning debris

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67
Q

Do northern or southern aspects burn hotter?

A

Northern

68
Q

Why do northern aspects burn hotter?

A

More vegetation

69
Q

Fires spread rapidly in these two types of topographical features

A

Canyons and valleys

70
Q

What four weather factors act in concert to affect fire behavior?

A

Temperature, relative humidity, wind, precipitation

71
Q

Weather affects these two aspects of a fire

A

Intensity and spread

72
Q

Hot temperatures increase this aspect of fuels

A

Ignitability

73
Q

What are five effects of wind on fire behavior?

A
  1. Dries fuel; 2. Carries oxygen; 3. Affects fire direction; 4. Starts spot fires; 5. Shapes burn area
74
Q

At this relative humidity, fuels are more likely to ignite

A

< 30%

75
Q

This relative humidity is a dangerous fire risk

A

< 20%

76
Q

What are two affects of heavy precipitation on fires?

A

Wetting fuels and extinguishing burning fires

77
Q

What are the three scales at which fires are influenced?

A

Flame, wildfire, fire regime

78
Q

What are three abiotic effects of fire on soil?

A
  1. Soil temperature; 2. Soil water and hydrology; 3. Soil chemistry
79
Q

How does fire affect soil temperature?

A

By removing O layer and opening soil

80
Q

How does fire change soil temperatures by day and night?

A

Hotter day temperatures and cooler night temperatures

81
Q

What are three things that fires reduce to increase the amount of water than gets to the soil?

A

By reducing litter, interception and transpiration

82
Q

Fires open soils and increase this in soil water

A

Evaporation

83
Q

Can fires create water-repellent soils?

A

Yes

84
Q

Fires on slopes can increase this

A

Runoff/erosion

85
Q

What are three ways fire causes nutrient loss?

A

Oxidation, volatilization, erosion

86
Q

What counteracts some nutrient loss from fire?

A

Charcoal

87
Q

Do soils become more basic or acidic with fire?

A

Basic

88
Q

Fire can alter these two soil aspects by affecting clays

A

Texture and structure

89
Q

These flora are typically destroyed by fire

A

Fire-intolerant flora

90
Q

Some fire-intolerant flora produce these

A

Fire-activated seeds

91
Q

These flora resist some fire damage and may resprout after fire

A

Fire-tolerant

92
Q

These flora suffer little damage from fire

A

Fire-resistant

93
Q

What animals are most vulnerable to fire?

A

Small animals with limited mobility

94
Q

What causes most large animal mortality during a fire?

A

Smoke

95
Q

The biggest effects on animals from fire are due to this

A

Habitat impact

96
Q

These animals are vulnerable to fire when nesting

A

Birds

97
Q

Birds profit from more of this after fire

A

Prey

98
Q

These animals flee or take cover from fire

A

Mammals

99
Q

These animals hide from fire in mud or water

A

Herps

100
Q

These organisms vary in fire resistance

A

Microbes

101
Q

These provide refuge from fire for microbes

A

Deeper soils

102
Q

Microbes profit from these soil conditions after fire

A

Warm, wet soils

103
Q
A
104
Q

What are six purposes of prescribed fire?

A
  1. Hazard reduction; 2. Hardwood control; 3. Site preparation; 4. Forage improvement; 5. Disease control; 6. Accessibility/aesthetics
105
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire reduces fire risk by reducing litter

A

Hazard reduction

106
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire kills undesirable plant species

A

Hardwood control

107
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire destroys debris and exposes bare soil

A

Site preparation

108
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire promotes grass and forbs

A

Forage improvement

109
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire controls some bacterial and fungal pests

A

Disease control

110
Q

This purpose of prescribed fire opens stands

A

Accessibility/aesthetics

111
Q

What are eight factors to be considered when planning a prescribed burn?

A
  1. Weather; 2. Fuel moisture timelag; 3. Season; 4. Burn method; 5. Ignition method. 6. Smoke management; 7. Burn plan; 8. Burn evaluation
112
Q

Knowledge of this is key to burning and mandatory for proper smoke management

A

Weather

113
Q

What are four weather elements to consider when planning a burn?

A

Temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind

114
Q

What is the best temperature for burning in the winter?

A

20-60 degrees

115
Q

What is the best temperature for burning in the summer?

A

> 80%

116
Q

What is the best humidity for burning?

A

30-55%

117
Q

What wind speed is best for burning?

A

3-5 mph within forest

118
Q

What is the best rainfall for a burn?

A

0.5-1.0”, one week before burn

119
Q

What is the best Keetch-Byram Drought Index for burning?

A

250-400

120
Q

This is key to predicting fire behavior

A

Fuel moisture timelag

121
Q

These fuels take 1 hour for 2/3 of the dead fuel to respond to atmospheric moisture

A

Flashy fuels

122
Q

Fuels this size take 10 hours for 2/3 of the dead fuel to respond to atmospheric moisture

A

1/2 inch diameter

123
Q

Fuels this size take 100 hours for 2/3 of the dead fuel to respond to atmospheric moisture

A

3 inch diameter

124
Q

Fuels this size take 1000 hours for 2/3 of the dead fuel to respond to atmospheric moisture

A

8 inch diameter

125
Q

What are the two prescribed fire seasons?

A

Cool and growing season

126
Q

These prescribed burns are held late winter to early spring

A

Cool season burns

127
Q

What is the purpose of cool season burns?

A

Reducing forest litter

128
Q

These prescribed burns are held from early spring to late summer

A

Growing season burns

129
Q

What is the purpose of growing season burns?

A

Killing vegetation

130
Q

Which burns hotter, growing season or cool season burns?

A

Growing season burns

131
Q

Which is most common for wildlife management, growing season or cool season burns?

A

Cool season burns

132
Q

These are used to achieve specific burning goals

A

Different burn methods

133
Q

Burn methods must correlate with these three factors

A

Weather, fuels, terrain

134
Q

What are four burning methods?

A

Backfire, headfire, flankfire, spotfire

135
Q

This burning method is started at a firebreak/road and headed directly into the wind

A

Backfire

136
Q

This burning method is the least intense and most predictable

A

Backfire

137
Q

This burn method has a narrow burning zone with short flame lengths

A

Backfire

138
Q

This burning method has a slow rate of spread and burns deep

A

Backfire

139
Q

This burning method has a low smoke output

A

Backfire

140
Q

What are seven characteristics of the backfire burning method?

A
  1. Low intensity; 2. Predictable; 3. Narrow burning zone; 4. Short flame length; 5. Slow rate of spread; 6. Burns deep; 7. Low smoke output
141
Q

Where is a fire started in the backfire burning method?

A

Firebreak or road

142
Q

How does a backfire travel in relation to the wind?

A

Directly into wind

143
Q

This burning method is the most intense and unpredictable

A

Headfire

144
Q

This burning method has a wide burning zone with long flame lengths

A

Headfire

145
Q

This burning method has a fast rate of spread and burns shallowly

A

Headfire

146
Q

This burning method has a high smoke output

A

Headfire

147
Q

What are seven characteristics of a headfire?

A
  1. High intensity; 2. Unpredictable; 3. Wide burning zone; 4. Long flame lengths; 5. Fast rate of spread; 6. Burns shallowly; 7. High smoke output
148
Q

These two burning methods are intermediate intensity

A

Flankfire and spotfire

149
Q

In this burning method, fire spreads at right angle to the wind

A

Flankfire

150
Q

This burning method is limited to steady wind conditions

A

Flankfire

151
Q

This burning method requires careful coordination

A

Flankfire

152
Q

This burning method is used for securing flanks of back or head fires

A

Flankfire

153
Q

This burning method is useful in shifting winds

A

Spotfire

154
Q

In this burning method, spots merge to form a strip headfire

A

Spotfire

155
Q

What device is used to produce spotfire?

A

Delayed Aerial Ignition Device

156
Q

There are many ground and aerial methods for this

A

Ignition methods

157
Q

Proper burning must manage this

A

Smoke

158
Q

What are four examples of smoke sensitive areas?

A

Roads, schools, hospitals, nursing homes

159
Q

Burners are liable for this

A

Smoke damages

160
Q

This will lift smoke during a burn

A

Correct weather

161
Q

All burns should have this

A

Written plan

162
Q

What are three things that should be included in the written burn plan?

A
  1. Burn unit location/description; 2. Burning objectives/instructions; 3. Desired and actual weather conditions
163
Q

Burn plans should have a detailed map of this

A

Burn unit

164
Q

What are four things that should be included in a burn unit map?

A

Control lines, terrain, wind, landowners

165
Q
A
166
Q

What are two things to check for when evaluating a burn in spring?

A

New growth and bark beetles

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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