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Genetics > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

DNA replication begins at the __
RNA synthesis begins at the __
Protein synthesis begins at the __

A

Origin, promoter, start codon

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a minimum requirement for DNA replication?
Template DNA, dNTPs, rNTPs, DNA polymerase, Primer

A

rNTPs

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3
Q

Which of the following is a post-transcriptional modification of the primary transcript in eukaryotes?
5’ methyl cytosine cap, exons removed, 3’ poly(A) tail added

A

3’ poly(A) tail added

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4
Q

Protein structure at the level of folding of multiple polypeptides is describes as what?

A

Quaternary structure

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5
Q

mRNA may be used to make many copies of a protein. When a single mRNA is being read at once, what may be observed?

Wobble, Polyribosomes, Antibiotic effect, Codon bias, Release factors

A

Polyribosomes

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6
Q

The mechanism of DNA replication where each of the complementary strands from the parental double helix is conserved during the process is called what?

A

Semiconservative

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7
Q

DNA is synthesized from?

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

What is the function of telomerase?

Unwinds DNA during replication, Synthesizes short RNA primers, Sealing breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, Prevents loss of ends of linear chromosomes during replication

A

Prevents loss of ends of linear chromosomes during replication

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9
Q

The function of which protein is to maintain single stranded conformation until it can be replicated?

Ligase, primase, SSB protein, DNA polymerase, helicase

A

SSB protein

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10
Q

What is the enzyme that removes RNA primers in E. coli?

DNA primase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, DNA ligase, all

A

DNA polymerase I

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11
Q

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the __ and translation occurs in the __

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the sequence of mRNA coded by the following template strand of DNA?

3’ ATCGGCTGACTGGCA 5’

A

5’ UAGCCGACUGACCGU 3’

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13
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of new ribonucleotides to the free 3’ end of the growing molecule?

RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, Ligase, DNA gyrase, helicase

A

RNA polymerase

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14
Q

Which type of RNA is used in RNAi to control expression of certain genes?

tRNA, siRNA, mRNA, rRBA, IncRNA

A

siRNA

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15
Q

The sigma subunit initially recognizes and binds to which of the following consensus sequences?
-10, -35, -50, +10, +35

A

-35

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16
Q

How many different amino acids can be used in the composition of proteins?

A

20

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17
Q

Amino acids differ from one another by the __ that are present.

Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group, R plasmid, Core group

A

R group

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18
Q

What codon is most often recognized as the start codon for translation?

GUA, CUG, AUG, AAG, UUG

A

AUG

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19
Q

Most amino acids are specified by two to four different codons. This means that the genetic code is:

Non-overlapping, non-degenerate, degenerate, universal, ordered

A

Degenerate

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20
Q

What site on the ribosome is where new, charged tRNA enters during elongation to bring the correct amino acid, according to the codon sequence in the mRNA?

A

The A site

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21
Q

Which protein is used in RNAi to process siRNAs and miRNAs to prepare them to interact with RISC?

RNA polymerase, Telomere, Dicer, DNA polymerase, ligase

A

Dicer

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT a basic concept of gene regulation?

a)All proteins are encoded by genes

b)Gene expression makes biochemical
sense

c)Not all expressed all of the time

d)All gene expression is regulated by histone modification

A

D

23
Q

Which best describes the Trp operon?

Negative inducible, negative repressible, positive inducible, positive repressible

A

Negative repressible

24
Q

What role does cAMP play in the regulation of the lac operon?

a)It inactivates CAP, an activator protein
b)It inactivates CAP, a repressor protein
c) It activates CAP, an activator protein
d)It activates CAP, a repressor protein
e)It doesn’t play a role in the regulation of the lac
operon

A

C

25
Q

Which of the following is not a method of epigenetic control of gene expression?

a)Histone modification
b)DNA methylation
c) RNA molecules
d)Mediator protein binding

A

D

26
Q

Using the genetic code, what is the amino acid sequence that would be produced from the following mature mRNA molecule?

5’ ACGGAUGAAGAGUCGUUAUUGGUAACUUU 3’

A

5’ ACGG AUG AAG AGU CGU UAU UGG UAACUUU 3’
Met Lys Ser Arg Tyr Trp

27
Q

Order the events listed below in terms of what happens first in the process of replication in E. coli?

DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers from lagging strand.

DNA polymerase III begins synthesis of new DNA strands on leading and lagging strands.

Okazaki fragments are sealed together by ligase.

Initiator proteins bind to the origin and unwind a short span of DNA.

Primase synthesizes more RNA primers on the lagging strand as needed.

Helicases stimulate further unwinding of double stranded DNA and single-stranded binding proteins help the DNA from reannealing.

Primases synthesize the first RNA primers to help initiate replication

A

6
4
7
1
5
2
3

28
Q

Determine whether a term or concept related to replication (matches) would be found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, both, or neither (choices).

Helicases

Multiple origins on linear DNA molecules

Synthesis of DNA in a 3’ to 5’ direction

Synthesis of DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction

Semi-conservative replication

DNA polymerase III

Okazaki fragments

Conservative replication

telomerase

A

Both

Eukaryotes

Neither

Both

Both

Prokaryotes

Both

Neither

Eukaryotes

29
Q

Part 1: “A” represents a factor that unwinds positive supercoils upstream of the replication fork. The factor is called a:

Part 2: “F” represents a factor that is producing a small molecule of RNA. The factor is called a:

Part 3: “B” represents a factor that “melts” the double-stranded DNA, and forms two single-stranded pieces of DNA. This factor is called a:

A

Part 1: DNA gyrase

Part 2: Primase

Part 3: Helicase

30
Q

If DNA polymerase I was defective in it 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity, which of the following would be most immediately affected by the defect?

If DNA polymerase I was defective in its 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity (and only this activity), which of the following would be most immediately affected by the defect?

A

The polymerase would not be able to remove RNA primers from a lagging strand of DNA, or the first, initiating primer on the leading strand.

The polymerase would not be able to “proofread” and remove incorrect base-paired nucleotides from an elongating strand of DNA.

31
Q

What best illustrates the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

32
Q

How many strands of DNA are used as a template during the process of transcription of a single gene?

A

1

33
Q

Consider the DNA template 3’—AAATTTTAGCCA—5’. When transcribed, which of the following is the correct resulting transcript?

A

5’—UUUAAAAUCGGU—3’

34
Q

RNA transcription begins at a specific region of DNA called a(n)

A

Promotor

35
Q

The name of the factor that “chases” the RNA polymerase and terminates transcription in prokaryotes is:

A

Rho protein

36
Q

The following promoter sequence is from the non-template strand of DNA in E. coli:

Which of the following represents an RNA sequence that would be transcribed product from the start site of the template strand?

A

5’ GCAAUGCUG 3’

37
Q

The following promoter sequence is from the non-template strand of DNA in E. coli:

What are the functions of the sequences TTGACA (-35 sequence) and TATAAT (-10 sequence)?

A

bind the RNA polymerase sigma subunit and “melt” DNA

38
Q

The RNA sequence below contains a short intron. Which of the choices below represents the way the exons would be spliced together?

5’ UAGGCAGGUCAUUGACGAAUUCUGAAAACUACUAACGCAUCCAGGCUCAA 3’

A

5’ UAGGCAGGCUCAA 3’

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT required to initiate transcription in bacteria?

RNA primers

sigma subunit

ribonucleotides (in a triphosphate form)

a promoter

RNA polymerase

A

RNA primers

40
Q

Geneticists, cell biologists, and other scientists working with DNA have used CRIPSR-Cas9 as a molecular tool to cut DNA by expressing the proteins in cells along with a guide RNA to direct it to cut DNA at specific sequences. It was originally discovered as:

A

a way in which bacterial cells tried to defend themselves against bacteriophage.

41
Q

Determine whether a term or concept (matches) is more related to prokaryotes, eukaryotes, both, or neither.

Rho-dependent termination

RNA synthesis in a 5’ to 3’ direction

Exons, introns, and splicing

5’ caps

RNA synthesis uses nucleotides with a 2’ hydroxyl on the ribose group.

Sigma subunits

polycistronic RNA is more common

poly-A tails

A

Prokaryotes

Both

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Both

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

42
Q

Order the events related to transcription in bacteria from initiation to termination.

The template strand is used to initiate the linkages of the first ribonucleotides to start a new RNA molecule.

Sigma subunit associates with RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase unwinds a short sequence of double-stranded DNA near the promoter.

RNA polymerase continues along the DNA, unwinding the template strand from the non-template strand and continues to add nucleotides to the growing RNA molecule.

Either rho-dependent or rho-independent termination ends the process, releasing RNA polymerase and the RNA transcript from the template DNA.

Sigma factor is released

A

3
1
2
5
6
4

43
Q

An amino acid is composed of all the following components except which of the following?

Alpha carbon atom

Carboxylic acid

Phosphate group

Amino group

Side group (R)

A

Phosphate group

44
Q

Peptide bonds are formed by a reaction between:

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

45
Q

Ribosomes are involved in which of the following?

Replication

Transcription

Translation

Reverse transcription

A

Translation

46
Q

Starting from the first start codon, what is the correct polypeptide produced from the mRNA sequence below:

5’- CAAAUGGUCCAAUGUUCGUAAUAAACC-3’

A

met-val-gln-cys-ser

47
Q

Which of the following is the correct codon sequence for a tRNA carrying the anticodon 5’-UCG-3’?

A

5’-CGA-3’

48
Q

If a tRNA has the anticodon 3’-CAA-5’, what amino acid would it carry to a ribosome?

A

Val

49
Q

What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?

A

More than one codon encodes a specific amino acid

50
Q

If a polypeptide in E. coli is 125 amino acids long, what was the most likely number of nucleotides in the mRNA that specified the coding sequence assuming the start methionine is removed from the polypeptide (be sure to think about including start and stop codons as part of your calculation).

A

381

51
Q

Part 1: If the structure depicted in the figure is found in a prokaryotic cell. What is structure A?

Part 2: The site of the tRNA that pairs with the mRNA as depicted in B is called the

Part 3: The site indicated by C is referred to as the

A

Small subunit (30S) of the 70S ribosome

Anticodon

Peptidyl binding site (P site)

Genetics (23 decks)

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