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Enhanced PNB > Pain and Vision > Flashcards

Pain and Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Cornea

A

shields the eye from germs and dust; bends the light

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2
Q

Iris

A

Colored disc inside the eye; separates the cornea from the lens

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3
Q

What are the 2 chambers in the iris?

A

the anterior chamber (between the cornea and the iris) and the posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens)

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4
Q

Eye color determined by

A

the iris

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5
Q

The ____ controls the amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

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6
Q

During the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, the sphincer pupillae is _____, and the dilator pupillae is ______

A

contracted, relaxed

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7
Q

During the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the sphincer pupillae is _____, and the dilator pupillae is ______

A

relaxed, contracted

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8
Q

As distance increases… (changes in lens shape, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligament)

A

lens is less convex (more flat); tension on suspensory ligaments, ciliary muscles relax

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9
Q

As distance decreases… (changes in lens shape, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligament)

A

lens is more convex, ciliary muscles contract, less tension on suspensory ligaments

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10
Q

the retina

A

processes light by converting visual stimulus into neural activity

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11
Q

What is the pathway of light

A

ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors

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12
Q

What does the Muller glia do in the retina?

A

helps light go through without modification; like a tunnel

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13
Q

The outer segment of the rods and cones…

A

where we find a lot of pigment- sensing the light

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14
Q

The inner segment of the rods and cones…

A

contains things that help with the cellular functions; synapses occur here

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15
Q

true or false: is it retinal that is sensitive to light

A

true- it changes shape because of light

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16
Q

Do rods and cones fire action potentials?

A

no- they do not fire action potentials

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17
Q

In the dark is 11-cis retinal present or 11-trans retinal

A

11-cis retinal

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18
Q

In the light is 11-cis retinal present or 11-trans retinal

A

11-trans retinal

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19
Q

In the dark, are the photoreceptors depolarized or hyperpolarized

A

depolarized

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20
Q

In the dark are neurotransmitters released?

A

Yes- because it is depolarized- it releases neurotransmitter

21
Q

In the light, are the photoreceptors hyperpolarized or depolarized?

A

hyperpolarized

22
Q

In the light, do photoreceptors release neurotransmitters?

A

no- because they are hyperpolarized

23
Q

What is the ligand for the CNG channel?

A

cGMP

23
Q

in the _____, there is an increased level of cGMP

A

dark

24
Q

What would happen to the photoreceptor if the CNG channels would not open? (what ions are flowing, de/hyperpolarized, when does this happen)

A

Only K+ would be flowing out making the photoreceptor more negative- leads to hyperpolarization- this happens in light

24
Q

What happens when the CNG channels are opened

A

influx of positive ions (Na+ and Ca2+)

25
Q

What is the role of transducin?

A

When activated, it decreases the concentration of cGMP

25
Q

How does transducin decrease the cGMP concentration?

A

by activating phosphodiesterase

26
Q

Do bipolar cells generate action potentials?

A

no sir (they respond to glutamate with graded potentials)

27
Q

On bipolar cells

A

detect light objects in a dark background

28
Q

Off bipolar cells

A

detect dark objects in a light background

29
Q

On bipolar cells are ….. by glutamate

A

hyperpolarized (because it inhibits on bipolar cells)

30
Q

Off bipolar cells are ….. by glutamate

A

depolarized (because it activates off bipolar cells)

31
Q

What do the retinal ganglion cells do

A

They detect shape and movement

32
Q

Type P ganglion cells characteristics

A

color sensitive, small concentric receptive field, slowing adapting

33
Q

Type M ganglion cells characteristics

A

larger than P cells, synapses with many bipolar cells, color insensitive, fast adapting

34
Q

What is the order of visual processing

A

receptors, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus)

35
Q

M-Pathway is for

A

movement

36
Q

P-blob pathway is for

A

color

37
Q

P-interblob pathway is for

A

form and depth

38
Q

Horizontal cells

A

synapse with surrounding photoreceptor cells; they affect how you are going to send message to the bipolar cells; important in providing contrast (lateral inhibition)

39
Q

Amacrine cells

A

synapse with bipolar cells and ganglion cells; provide lateral connections

40
Q

When there is diffuse light on both center and surrounding of the eye what are the responses from the on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells

A

both have a weak response from ganglion cell

41
Q

What are the two types of pain fibers

A

A delta and C fibers

42
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus receives info about… and how does it process it

A

stimulus location and contrast (rod pathways are separate from cone pathways- parallel processing)

43
Q

M cells and P cells are types of

A

retinal ganglion cells

43
Q

the M pathway, the P blob pathway, and the P inter-blob pathway are found where

A

the lateral geniculate nucleus

44
Q

V4 percieves

A

color

45
Q

The inferior temporal cortex is the

A

face recognition cortex

Enhanced PNB (22 decks)

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