Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards
what is cancer
genetic disorder caused by DNA mutations
what can cancer causing DNA mutations be caused by
- hereditary
- environmental exposure
- aging
genetic alterations are _____
inheritable
describe neoplasia
- independent of regulatory influences, increase in size
- require host nutrients, blood supply, hormones
- can be benign or malignant
what is a benign tumor
gross and microscopic characteristics are often innocuous; lesion is localized
what is a malignant tumor
ability to invade and destroy adjacent structures and metastasize
what is the nomenclature for benign tumors
attached suffix ending in -oma
what is the nomenclature for a malignant tumor
mesenchymal tissue: sarcoma
- blood: leukemia/lymphoma
what is the nomenclature for epithelial tissue
- carcinoma
- squamous: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- glandular: adenocarcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue and derivatives
- benign: fibroma, lipoma, chondroma, osteoma
- malignant: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma
what are the benign and malignant tumors for blood vessels
- benign: hemangioma
- malignant: angiosarcoma
what are the benign and malignant tumors of lymph vessles
- benign: lymphangioma
- malignant: lymphoangiosarcoma
what is the malignant tumor of mesothelium
mesothelioma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of brain coverings
- benign: meningioma
- malignant: invasive meningioma
what is the malignant tumor of hematopoietic cells
leukemias
what is the malignant tumor of lymphoid tussue
lymphomas
what is the benign and malignant tumor of smooth muscle
- benign: leiomyoma
- malignant: leiomyosarcoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of striated muscle
- benign: rhabdomyoma
- malignant: rhabdomyosarcoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of stratified squamous cells
- benign: squamous cell papilloma
- malignant: squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma
what is the malignant tumor of basal cells of skin or adnexa
basal cell carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of tumors of melanocytes
- benign: nevus
- malignant: malignant melanoma
what is the benign and malignant tumors of epithelial lining of glands or ducts
- benign: adenoma, papilloma, cystadenoma
- malignant: adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of lung
- benign: bronchial adenoma
- malignant: bronchogenic carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of the kidney
- benign: renal tubular adenoma
- malignant: renal cell carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of the liver
benign: liver cell adenoma
malignant: hepatocellular carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of the bladder
- uroethelial papilloma
- uroethelial carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of the placenta
- hydatidiform mole
- choriocarcinoma
what is the malignant tumor of the testicle
- seminoma
- embryonal carcinoma
what is the benign and malignant tumor of the salivary gland
- pleomorphic adenoma
- malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland
what is the malignant tumor of the renal anlage
Wilms tumor
what is differentiation
refers to the extend a tumor resemble their tissue of origin morphologically and functionally
what is anaplasia
lack of differentiation
what are benign tumors
usually well differentiated cells that resemble normal parent tissue
what are malignant tumors
wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation
- well- differentiated tumors to poorly differentiated tumors
what is local invasion
progressive infiltration, invasion, and destruction of surrounding tissue
what do benign tumors grow as
cohesive expansile masses and remain localized to site of origin
where do malignant tumors grow
locally invasive and destructive
what is metastasis
spread of tumor with sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor
do benign tumors metastasize
no
what do malignant tumors invade
blood vessels, lymphatics, body cavities to spread to distant sites
what are the types of metatastic spread
- seeding within body cavities
- lymphatic spread/hematogenous
describe seeding within body cavities and give example
- invasion of natural body cavity
- ovarian tumors commonly invade peritoneum
what is lymphatic spread/hematogenous
- invasion through lymph nodes/lymphatic system or vascular system
- involvement depends on tumor’s primary location and access to lymphatics/vascular
- sentinel lymph node: first regional lymph node that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor
what is the leading cause of death worldwide
cancer
cancer accounts for _____ deaths
10 million
between ______ of cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors
30-50%
what are the most common cancers
breast, lung, colon, rectum and prostate cancers