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anatomy > Thorax And Respiratory System > Flashcards

Thorax And Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Thorax cage

A

Superior portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen

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2
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

8 pairs of true ribs, 4 false ribs, 2 floating ribs, sternum, costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

What makes up the thoracic wall

A

Muscles of respiration and blood vessels

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4
Q

External intercostals muscles

A
  • located between ribs and run inferiomedially
  • elevated rib making the thorax larger during inspiration
  • innervated by intercostal nerves T1-T12
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5
Q

Internal Intercostals muscles

A
  • located between ribs (intercostal space)
  • deep to external intercostals
  • fibers run inferiolaterally
  • depresses ribs during expiration making the thorax smaller
  • innervated by intercostal nerves
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6
Q

Innermost intercostals

A
  • includes the transverse thoracis muscle anteriorly and subcostalus muscles posteriorly
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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Originate : xiphoid process, lower 6 ribs, L1-L2
Insert : central tendon of musculofibrous ring (separates thoracic and abdominal cavity)
Action : contracts during inspiration, expanding thorax vertically
Innervation : phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

The central tendon has 3 openings for: aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

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8
Q

Accessory Muscles of inspiration

A
  • used during labored/increased inspiration
  • assist diaphragm and external intercostals
  • scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
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9
Q

Accessory muscles of expiration

A
  • used during forced expiration
  • acts with internal intercostals
  • abdominals: recuts abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis
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10
Q

External intercostals action

A

Inspiration
Elevates ribs

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11
Q

Action os diaphragm

A

Inspiration
Pushes down abdominal contents and expands thorax vertically

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12
Q

Actions of sternocleidomastiod

A

Inspiration, Elevates sternum

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13
Q

Action of scalenes

A

Inspiration, elevates ribs 1-2

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14
Q

Actions of pectoralis minor

A

Inspiration, elevates ribs 3-5

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15
Q

Quiet breathing - expiration

A

External intercostals relax and the lungs passively deflate

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16
Q

Active breathing - expiration

A

Internal intercostals - depresses ribs
Abdominals - push up abdominal contents, shortening the thorax

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17
Q

Intercostal muscles are innervated by…

A

T1-T12

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18
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by…

A

Phernic nerve C3-C5

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19
Q

What makes up external nasal cavity

A

Alae (wings)
External nares (nostrils)

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20
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Septal cartilage
Vomer

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21
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Superior conchae (part of ethmoid)
Middle conchae (part of ethmoid)
Inferior conchae (own bone)

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22
Q

What is the interior lining of the nasal cavity

A
  • mucus membrane bound to the periosteum and perichondrium of supporting bones and cartilage
  • continuous membrane with nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, lacrimal sac, and conjunctiva
  • olfactory mucosa contains olfactory receptor cells
  • humidifies and filters air before entering the lungs
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23
Q

What is the choanae of the nasal cavity

A

Openings between nasal cavity (anterior) and nasopharynx (posterior)

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24
Q

What makes up the nasopharynx

A
  • pharyngeal tonsils
  • Eustachian tube
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25
Q

What makes up oropharynx

A
  • Palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
26
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoids

27
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connects nasal cavity to the ear, where we feel our ears popping

28
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

between palatoglossal arches and palatopharyngeal arches

29
Q

Lingual tonsils (2)

A

At base of tongue

30
Q

What are the major cartilages of the larynx

A

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid (2), epiglottis

31
Q

Epiglottis

A

Stops food from going down trachea

32
Q

Where does the trachea cut in on the larynx

A

Between cricoid and thyroid for breathing

33
Q

Vocal cords (2) (folds)

A
  • infolding of mucus membrane that enclose vocal ligaments
  • attached to thyroid (anteriorly) and arytenoid (posteriorly)
  • true vocal cords
  • abducted “v” shape to breathe
  • adducted “parallel” to speak
34
Q

Vestibular (ventricular) folds (2)

A
  • thick fold of mucous membrane that encases the vestibular ligaments
  • plays minimal role in phonation
  • false vocal cords
  • lateral to true vocal cords
35
Q

What are laryngeal muscles

A
  • 2 types intrinsic and extrinsic
  • cause arytenoid cartilage to pivot which makes the vocal ligaments move closer and farther from each other
  • closer together has higher pitch
36
Q

What is tracheal cartilage

A

Series of incomplete C shaped cartilage which connect to the posterior muscular wall

37
Q

What are annular ligaments

A

Ligaments between tracheal cartilages

38
Q

What is trachealis

A

Longitudinally oriented smooth muscle, important for coughing

39
Q

What is the carina

A

Bifurcation of trachea at T5, most sensitive area of the tree

40
Q

What is pleura

A

Smooth serous lining outside of the lungs

41
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pleura

A

Lines the thoracic wall

42
Q

What is the visceral layer of the lungs

A

Lining of the lung, inside of parietal layer

43
Q

Right lung lobes

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

44
Q

Left lung lobes

A

Superior and inferior

45
Q

Fissures of right lung

A

Horizontal and oblique

46
Q

Fissure of left lung

A

Oblique

47
Q

Lung vessels

A
  • 1 pulmonary artery at each lung
  • 2 pulmonary veins at each lung
  • 1 primary bronchus
  • bronchial artery
  • bronchial vein
48
Q

Primary bronchus

A

Enter at hilus with pulmonary vessels, supplies the lungs with air

49
Q

What does the bronchial vein do

A

Drain to azygos system: supplies bronchi and connective tissue of the lung

50
Q

What is the hilus

A

Root of the lung

51
Q

Lung vessels mnemonic

A

RALS
(Right hilum) Right pulmonary artery lies Anterior to the right primary bronchus
(Left hilum) Left pulmonary artery lies Superior to the left primary bronchus

52
Q

What is primary bronchi

A

Enters lung at hilus (root) 2 in total, 1 for each lung

53
Q

Job of secondary bronchi

A

Bronchi supply respective lobes
Right: superior, middle, inferior lobar bronchi
Left: superior, inferior lobar bronchi

54
Q

Job of tertiary bronchi

A

(Segmental)
Supply brochopulmonary segments

55
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Beyond tertiary bronchi
  • no cartilage
  • surrounded by smooth muscle
  • sympathetic innervation : bronchodilation
  • parasympathetic innervation: bronchoconstriction
56
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A
  • begins respiratory segment
  • branches from terminal bronchioles
  • can have some alveoli
57
Q

Alveoli

A

Sacs lined by a single layer of epithelial cells and formed by 2 cells, gas exchange

58
Q

Type 1 alveoli

A

Form a border with capillary for gas exchange

59
Q

Type 2 alveoli

A

Produce surfactant, reduces surface tension of alveoli which prevents collapse

60
Q

Gas exchange with deoxygenated blood

A

Right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary arteriole - capillary

61
Q

Gas exchange with oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary venule - pulmonary veins - left atrium

62
Q

Alveoli facts

A
  • elastic fibers allow alveoli to expand with inspiration and passively recoil with expiration
  • lung gas 300 million alveoli

anatomy (21 decks)

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