digestive

Question 1

process of digestive system

Answer 1

ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, compaction and excretion

Question 2

peristalsis features

Answer 2

muscular layer of digestive tract
- triggered by hormones, chemicals and physical stimulation

Question 3

*the process of peristalsis

Answer 3

• circular smooth muscles contracts behind bolus from a series of peristaltic waves
  -contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 4

*motility (segmentation)

Answer 4

-contraction of circular smooth m. before and after bolus
-material is churned and fragmented ( allows it to be mixed with digestive secretions)
-triggered by hormones, chemical and physical stimulation

Question 5

peritoneum

Answer 5

-simple squamous and deep to is lose CT
*serous membrane that surrounds some of the abdominal digestive organs (parietal, visceral and peritoneal)
* mesenteries
-double layer of peritoneum that suspends some organs
-contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 6

*intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal organs

Answer 6

intra: covered by the visceral peritoneum and suspended by mesenteries (stomach, liver, uterus)
retro: outside of peritoneal cavity, between posterior layer of parietal peritoneum and the back (esophagus, rectum, pancreas and kidney)

Question 7

serosa

Answer 7

-most superficial layer of peritoneum
-surrounds intraperitoneal organs
-simple squamous epithelium

Question 8

adventitia

Answer 8

-fibrous CT layer (lots of collagen)
-anchors retroperitoneal organs

Question 9

muscular layer

Answer 9

smooth muscle and mechincally processes and propels materials

Question 10

submucosa

Answer 10

layer of areolar CT (lose CT) deep to mucosa
-blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels are found here too

Question 11

mucosa

Answer 11

-deepest layer of digestive tract
-primary site of secretion and absorption
-mucus membrane

Question 12

salivary gland

Answer 12

saliva: serous and mucus secretions (salivary amylase and other enzymes)
3 glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
innervated by autonomic nervous system

Question 13

*functions of stomach

Answer 13

storage, mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 14

*secretory cells of stomach (mucous surface and neck)

Answer 14

mucous surface cells (simple columnar): secretes mucus- protects deeper layer of stomach from acid environment
mucous neck cells- secretes water soluble fluid that lubricates stomach content (bolus)

Question 15

*secretory cells of the stomach (parietal, chief and enteroendocrine)

Answer 15

parietal- secretes hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor
chief- secrete pepsinogen (activated by HCl)
enteroendocrine- secretes gastrin, stimulates parietal and chief

Question 16

*what type of tissue and the function of sphincters

Answer 16

-smooth muscle
-control movement of bolus/ chyme from esophagus to rectum

Question 17

*lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 17

bolus enter to stomach, keeps stuff out

Question 18

*pyloric sphincter

Answer 18

movement of chyme to duodenum

Question 19

*internal anal sphincter

Answer 19

yah uhm the stuff leaving you know

Question 20

*iliocecal sphincter

Answer 20

small intestine to large intestine

Question 21

*small intestine

Answer 21

-simple columnar epithelium
-digest, absorb and production of various GI hormones
-lamina propria, areolar CT (lymphatic cells, blood capillaries, lacteals)
-extensive surface area from the villi, microvilli and plica circulares

Question 22

*large intestine functions

Answer 22

-absorb water and electrolytes from remaining chyme
-compacts and absorbs waste
-absorbs vitamins produces by the housed bacteria

Question 23

*large intestine histology

Answer 23

-larger diameter, thinner walls and no villi
-more goblet cells (mucus) so chyme can move along tract
-lamina propria and submucosa has large lymphoid nodules
-muscular layer reduced to teniae coli

Question 24

haustra

Answer 24

gathering of large intestine caused by teniae coli
- prevents from stretching

Question 25

*rectum and anus

Answer 25

stratified squamous epithelium
- external anal sphincter is under voluntary control
-both smooth and skeletal m is found here

Question 26

*liver

Answer 26

-produces and secretes bile
-regular blood composition and metabolism

Question 27

*gall bladder

Answer 27

-stores and concentrates bile
- bile emulsifies fats

Question 28

*pancreas

Answer 28

-exocrine portion produces digestive enzymes and buffer
-pancreatic acinus (simple cuboidal), produces pancreatic juice
-endocrine- regulates blood glucose levels

Question 29

*unique aspects of hepatic portal vein

Answer 29

-carries nutrient rich blood to liver from intestines
-allows liver to carry its function