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Principles of Biology and Lab > Module 6 Genetics > Flashcards

Module 6 Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzyme is only found in prokaryotic organisms?

A

DNA gyrase

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2
Q

what is a purine?

A

a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

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3
Q

DNA has a ___________ structure.

A

double helix

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4
Q

The DNA fragments that are synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand are known as the Okazaki fragments.

A

true

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5
Q

The replication of DNA occurs during the synthesis phase / S phase of the cell cycle, before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis.

A

true

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6
Q

In which direction does DNA replication take place?

A

5’ to 3’

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7
Q

mRNA/messenger RNA is a form of RNA that carries the nucleotide sequence code for a protein sequence that is translated into a polypeptide sequence.

A

true

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8
Q

RNA contains the nucleotide thymine (T).

A

false

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9
Q

The central dogma states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins.

A

true

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10
Q

A codon is three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation.

A

true

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11
Q

mRNA are molecules of RNA that combine to form part of the ribosome.

A

false

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12
Q

The reading frame is the sequence of triplet codons in mRNA that specify a particular protein; a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction completely abolishes synthesis of that protein.

A

true

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13
Q

The first cloned agricultural animal was Dolly, a sheep who was born in 1996.

A

true

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14
Q

Genetic engineering may use artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel compounds or to perform new functions.

A

true

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15
Q

Recombinant DNA technology can be used to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable traits.

A

true

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16
Q

If the foreign DNA that is introduced comes from a different species, the host organism is called __________.

A

transgenic

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17
Q

_________________ is the most specific genetic engineering technique that may one day be used to cure certain genetic diseases.

A

gene therapy

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18
Q

In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from ________.

A

a body cell

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19
Q

__________ is the process of decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product.

A

translation

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20
Q

______ is an RNA molecule that contains a specific three-nucleotide anticodon sequence to pair with the mRNA codon and also binds to a specific amino acid.

A

tRNA

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21
Q

The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the ________.

A

nucleolus

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22
Q

Portions of eukaryotic mRNA sequence that are removed during RNA processing are ________.

A

introns

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23
Q

Transcription occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells.

A

nucleus

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24
Q

A promoter is ________.

A

a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides

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25
Q

The initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA is ________.

A

DNA polymerase proofreading

26
Q

What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the production of transgenic plants?

A

A. tumefaciens is used as a vector to move genes into plant cells.

27
Q

DNA double helix does not have which of the following?

A

uracil

28
Q

What happens when a dideoxynucleotide is added to a developing DNA strand?

A

the chain is not extended any further

29
Q

What prevents the further development of a DNA strand in Sanger sequencing?

A

the addition of dideoxynucleotides

30
Q

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

A

semiconservative

31
Q

Which of the following is not a true statement comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

DNA replication always occurs in the nucleus

32
Q

How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?

A

36

33
Q

The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?

A

degeneracy

34
Q

In eukaryotes, what is the DNA wrapped around?

A

histones

35
Q

The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by…

A

telomerase

36
Q

One of the three mRNA codons that specifies termination of translation is the…

A

nonsense codon

37
Q

Manipulating the DNA of plants has helped to create desirable traits such as…

A

Disease resistance
Pest resistance
Better nutritional value

38
Q

What is the name of the method developed by Fred Sanger to sequence DNA?

A

Dideoxy Chain Termination method

39
Q

Which enzyme initiates the splitting of the double DNA strand during replication?

A

helicase

40
Q

The strand of DNA that is not used to transcribe mRNA is the…

A

nontemplate strand

41
Q

A researcher has found a single-stranded nucleic acid associated with a ribosome. This molecule is most likely…

A

RNA

42
Q

A researcher has broken apart a nucleic acid and has found the following nitrogenous bases: A, T, G, and C. Which molecule is this?

A

DNA

43
Q

Using the following template strand of DNA, what would be the sequence of the complementary strand of mRNA that would be synthesized during transcription?

Template strand: 5’ - ATGCTCGATCAG - 3’

A

3’ - UACGAGCUAGUC - 5’

44
Q

Using the following strand of DNA and the table below, determine the correct sequence of amino acids of the polypeptide that would be synthesized during translation.

DNA: 5’ - TACGTATGCATG - 3’

A

Met, His, Thr, Tyr

45
Q

For the codon CCG, what would be the appropriate anticodon?

A

GGC

46
Q

When mutations occur in the DNA, these can impact the final protein strand. Using the table below, determine how the protein produced by the mutant mRNA strain below is different from the wild type (normal) mRNA strand.

Wild Type AUG│AAG│ACU│AUC│AUU│GCU│UUG│AGC│UAC│AUU
Mutant AUG│AAG│ACU│AUC│AUU│GCU│UUG│AGC│UAA│AUU

A

The protein is shorter than the wild type strain.

47
Q

When mutations occur in the DNA, these can impact the final protein strand. Using the table below, determine how the protein produced by the mutant mRNA strain below is different from the wild type (normal) mRNA strand.

Wild Type AUG│AAG│ACU│AUC│AUU│GCU│UUG│AGC│UAC│AUU│
Mutant AUG│AAG│ACC│AUC│AUU│GCU│UUG│AGC│UAC│AUU│

A

There is no difference between the mutated and wild type proteins.

48
Q

An individual has a mutation in the positive transcription factor that binds to the gene that causes freckles. What impact would this likely have on the phenotype of this individual?

A

They will have fewer freckles because the gene will be transcribed less frequently.

49
Q

Assume there is a type of cancer that is caused by a gene that is producing more protein than normal. Which of these would be an effective way to help treat this cancer?

A

Treat this individual with a negative transcription factor to turn off the cancer-causing gene.

50
Q

If an individual has a mutation in the gene for RNA polymerase, what is the most likely effect?

A

a drastic reduction in the amount of transcription

51
Q

A researcher is examining cells and finds that they have a larger number of ribosomes than normal. Based on this, she concludes…

A

that these cells have an increased level of translation occurring.

52
Q

Your physician has diagnosed you with a bacterial infection, and she comments that it is an antibiotic strain of E coli. She knows this because…

A

the bacteria grew on LB agar with ampicillin.

53
Q

During bacterial transformation, which type of bacteria are grown on non-selective plates?

A

antibiotic sensitive bacteria lacking the DNA plasmid

54
Q

During bacterial transformation, what serves as a nutritional source for bacteria?

A

LB agar

55
Q

You are reading an electrophoretic gel and want to find the smallest DNA fragment that was added to the gel. How would you know which was the smallest?

A

It has traveled the farthest distance in the gel.

56
Q

You are conducting an experiment where you are trying to determine if the DNA samples you have are from the same individual. Which of the results below indicates that your samples are from the same individual?

A

All of the bands from both samples travel the same distance.

57
Q

You have loaded two samples containing DNA of the same dog mixed with tracking dye into the gel. You accidentally set the timer for ten hours instead of ten minutes and allow the gel to run for the entire time. What is the most likely result?

A

The tracking dye will have moved to the positive end.

58
Q

DNA and RNA that each contain 20% cytosine will have how much thymine, respectively?

A

30% in DNA and 0% in RNA

59
Q

If a mutation causes DNA to have extra adenine, what impact does this have on the overall composition of the DNA?

A

It will also have extra thymine.

60
Q

If the mRNA codons are AUG and CGA, what are the corresponding anticodons in tRNA?

A

UAC, GCU

Principles of Biology and Lab (11 decks)

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