Ch.18 Practical Applications of Immunology

Question 1

variolation

Answer 1

inoculations of smallpox into the skin

Question 2

what did Jenner do?

Answer 2

inoculated cowpox to prevent smallpox( cross-reaction)

Question 3

vaccine

Answer 3

suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity

Question 4

what do vaccines provoke?

Answer 4

a primary immune
response

formation of antibodies
and memory cells

Question 5

what do vaccines produce?

Answer 5

rapid, intense secondary response

Question 6

Herd immunity:

Answer 6

immunity in most of the population

Outbreaks are sporadic due
to the lack of susceptible individuals

Question 7

what is a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 7

The weakened pathogen, with reduced virulence, retains all of its antigenic properties

confers along cellular & humoral immunity

Question 8

how is a live attenuated vaccine prepared?

Answer 8

mutate virulence genes;

maintain the virus in cell culture or non-human host

Question 9

live attenuated vaccine mimics what?

Answer 9

actual infection

Question 10

inactivated killed vaccines

Answer 10

safer than live vaccines

require boost doses

induce mostly humoral immunity

Question 11

subunit vaccines use what?

Answer 11

antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

Question 12

recombinant vaccines:

Answer 12

subunit vaccines produced by genetic modification

Question 13

toxoids

Answer 13

inactivated toxins

Question 14

virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines:

Answer 14

resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material (HPV vaccine)

Question 15

Polysaccharide vaccines:

Answer 15

made from molecules in the pathogen’s capsule; not very immunogenic

ex:meningococcal vaccine & pneumococcal vaccine

Question 16

conjugated vaccines:

Answer 16

used for diseases in children with
poor immune response to
capsular polysaccharides

‒ Link polysaccharide to
protein->produces
stronger immune response

Question 17

nucleic acid (DNA) Vaccines

Answer 17

‒ Naked DNA is injected into
recipient cells & produces
the protein antigen
encoded in the DNA

‒ Stimulates humoral and cellular
immunity

Question 18

Recombinant vector vaccines:

Answer 18

Use virulent viruses or bacteria
as delivery systems or vectors to
deliver genes coding for antigens

Vectors are genetically modified

Question 19

skin patch:

Answer 19

delivers dry vaccine; skin has an abundance of antigen-presenting
cells (Eliminates needles, simplified process)

Question 20

multiple combination vaccines:

Answer 20

reduce the number of injections

Question 21

Adjuvants:

Answer 21

chemical additives that enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine

Question 22

vaccine safety

Answer 22

vaccines can cause the disease

may have minor side effects: tenderness at the injection site, headache, fever, mild rash, & fatigue

safest & most effective means of preventing infectious disease in children