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american government > Exam 4-Policy > Flashcards

Exam 4-Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Which court cases compose the exclusionary rule?

A

Miranda, Gideon, & Mapp

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2
Q

Miranda v. Arizona

A

people cannot be coerced into confession (Miranda rights)

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3
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright

A

right to an attorney

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4
Q

Mapp v. Ohio

A

search and seizure

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5
Q

Obergefell v. Hodges

A

legalized gay marriage

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6
Q

Citizens United v. FEC

A

giving money to a candidate is a form of free speech and therefore cannot be restricted by the government

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7
Q

NFIB v. Sebelius

A

the court case that kept Obamacare in place

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8
Q

DC v. Heller

A

legal to own a gun but cannot carry it around

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9
Q

Roe v. Wade

A

legalized abortion

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10
Q

Dobbs v. Jackson Health Center

A

overturned Roe v. Wade

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11
Q

Engle v. Vitale

A

prohibits the requirement for teacher-led prayer in school

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12
Q

Kitzmiller v. Dover School District

A

attempt to sue the school district for not having a class centered around the idea that God created the universe

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13
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden Interstate Commerce

A

government has the power to regulate interstate commerce

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14
Q

Lawrence v. Texas

A

as long as there are two consensual adults, any type of sex is legal

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15
Q

Crawford v. Washington

A

“heresay” is not recognized as valid evidence in court

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16
Q

Grutter v. Bollinger

A

practice of affirmative action- court ruled that race could be used in decisions to create more diversity in certain environments

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17
Q

US v. Nixon

A

president does have executive immunity and privilege, but that does not extend to the commitment of a crime

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18
Q

McDonnell v. Green

A

don’t need direct evidence to prove that a crime was committed

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19
Q

Reynolds v. Sims

A

“one man, one vote”- any kind of district that is used for elections, to possible extent, should be the same size in terms of population

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20
Q

Lemon v. Kurtzman

A

parochial (Christian) schools can get funding from the government, but they must pass the Lemon Test

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21
Q

NY Times v. US

A

it is legal to publish illegally obtained information

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22
Q

NY Times v. Sullivan

A

libel in the press- must be false, person who made the claim must know that it is false, and it must be printed/said with malice

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23
Q

Edwards v. SC

A

right to peaceable assembly

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24
Q

Concurring opinion

A

a written opinion by judges in court supporting a decision with reasoning for why

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25
Q

Dissenting opinion

A

a written opinion made by judges in court that disagrees with the majority

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26
Q

Civil liberties

A

protection against government infringement on rights

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27
Q

Civil rights

A

protection against infringement by persons and/or government

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28
Q

Strict scrutiny test

A

the court will look at policies to make sure that they are the least restrictive policies in regards to religion

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29
Q

Schenck v US

A

if the things you say present a clear and present danger, you can be prevented from having freedom of speech

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30
Q

Brandenburg v Ohio

A

government allows hate speech if it doesn’t present a clear and present danger

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31
Q

Tinker v Des Moines School District

A

personal expression can’t be restricted

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32
Q

Sunset legislation

A

legislation with a deadline

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33
Q

McDonald v Chicago

A

extended federal gun rights to states

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34
Q

Miller v California

A

against obscene materials

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35
Q

Ex-post facto laws

A

if you commit a crime that wasn’t a crime when you committed it, you can not be given criminal charges

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36
Q

Bills of attainder

A

a bill passed by Congress declaring that someone is guilty of a crime

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37
Q

Double jeopardy

A

you cannot be charged twice for the same crime

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38
Q

Self-incrimination (5th Amendment)

A

Once you take immunity, you cannot plead the 5th

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39
Q

Habeas corpus

A

police cannot put you in jail without charging you with a crime

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40
Q

Right to a speedy trial

A

the government cannot delay your trial

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41
Q

De jure segregation

A

making law to discriminate

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42
Q

De facto segregation

A

segregation by circumstance

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43
Q

Dred Scott v Sanford

A

Dred Scott sued for his own freedom, lost the case because he was considered only ¾ of a person

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44
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

Constitutional establishment of “separate but equal”

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45
Q

Brown v Board of Education

A

Overruled Plessy v Ferguson

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46
Q

Swann v Mechlenberg County

A

forced integration in schools

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47
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

No more discrimination, cannot discriminate on basis of race, sex, national origin, age, and disability was added later

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48
Q

Heart of Atlanta Hotel

A

Private businesses can no longer discriminate

49
Q

Loving v Virginia

A

allowed interracial marriage

50
Q

Affirmative action

A

must take active steps for integration

51
Q

Regents of UC v Bakke (reverse discrimination)

A

Ensured that affirmative action could no longer be based on quotas

52
Q

Gratz v Bollinger & Grutter v Bollinger

A

Both cases about U of Michigan policies, and were in favor by 5-4 margins with university practices

53
Q

Students for Fair Admission v Harvard/UNC

A

Race factor is no longer considered in college admissions

54
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

prohibited racial discrimination in voting

55
Q

National Debt

A

the total amount that our country owes to other nations

56
Q

Deficit

A

when there is more money going out than there is coming in in a year

57
Q

Surplus

A

when there is more money coming in than is going out in a year

58
Q

Fiscal year

A

Oct 1- Sept 30

59
Q

Authorization

A

a bill that gives authority to do something (sets the law)

60
Q

Appropriation

A

a bill that funds oversight (funds authorization bill) yearly

61
Q

Mandatory spending

A

something that the government has committed to pay for on a regular schedule (military paychecks)

62
Q

Discretionary spending

A

a decision is made to put money towards something (new airplanes)

63
Q

Revenue

A

money coming in

64
Q

Earned Income Tax Credit (negative income tax)

A

government will send money to aid people under poverty status

65
Q

Regressive tax

A

no matter how much money you make, the government takes the same amount of tax

66
Q

Progressive tax

A

the more money you make, the more tax the government takes out

67
Q

Earmark funds

A

funds collected and spent for a particular purpose

68
Q

Incrementalism

A

slow change

69
Q

Where does budget start?

A

in the agencies

70
Q

Office of Managing Budget (OMB)

A

tends to cut budgets

71
Q

What are the budgets of the cabinet agencies used for?

A

they reflect presidential priorities

72
Q

Concurrent resolution

A

a budget plan decided upon by both the House and the Senate at the same time

73
Q

Continuing resolution

A

a temporary solution to a budget issue, and it only allows agencies to operate as they did previously without change

74
Q

Line item veto

A

a former presidential power that enabled the president to have a say on budget bills, but has since been declared unconstitutional

75
Q

What court case declared the line item veto unconstitutional?

A

Clinton v US

76
Q

Deficit spending

A

continuing to spend money despite a deficit

77
Q

Zero Based Budgeting

A

starting budgeting for programs at 0

78
Q

16th Amendment

A

allowed for personal income tax

79
Q

Excise tax

A

tax on alcohol and addictive drugs

80
Q

User fees

A

fees paid by people who make use of a good or service

81
Q

Luxury tax

A

an additional tax on luxury goods

82
Q

Property tax

A

usually a real estate tax, assessed at a local or state level

83
Q

Sales tax

A

a tax applied to purchases, varies by county

84
Q

Inflation

A

when the costs of goods and services go up and the value of money goes down

85
Q

Recession

A

economy slows down, high unemployment

86
Q

Stagflation

A

high unemployment and inflation at the same time

87
Q

GDP/GNP

A

combined value of all goods and services produced in a year

88
Q

Laissez Faire Economics

A

idea that the government should stay out of economics

89
Q

Market failures

A

market fails to produce things that are needed

90
Q

Public goods

A

one person’s use of a good does not prevent somebody else’s access to the good

91
Q

Which political party believes in supply side economics?

A

Republican

92
Q

Laffer curve

A

by taxing the people too much, you get less money coming in

93
Q

Trickle down economics

A

“tax the rich”- if you tax the money at a low rate, more money will be coming in

94
Q

Which political party believes in demand side economics?

A

democrat

95
Q

What is the idea behind demand side economics?

A

investment in people is what stimulates the economy

96
Q

Prime rate

A

the rate that money is lent to member banks, set by the Fed

97
Q

Discount rate

A

the rate that banks give to their best members

98
Q

Who is the chairman of the Fed?

A

Jerome Powell

99
Q

Medicaid

A

healthcare for the poor

100
Q

Medicare

A

healthcare for the elderly

101
Q

Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

A

did not apply to families with working husbands, and the more children you had the more money you got

102
Q

TANF

A

replaced the AFDC, it is a 5-year assistance program that provides resources to families, and is considered a “step-up” because families can’t get benefits for more than two years in a row

103
Q

What is the problem with private insurance?

A

it can refuse to cover people due to pre-existing health conditions

104
Q

What are the objectives of foreign policy?

A

1) Protection of the United States and its citizens and allies

2) Assurance of continuing access to international resources and markets

3) Preservation of a balance of power in the world

4) Protection of human rights and democracy

105
Q

NAFTA/USMCA

A

a trade agreement made between North America, Canada, and Mexico

106
Q

NATO

A

international agreement that if a NATO country is invaded or attacked, other NATO countries will provide defense

107
Q

Trans-Pacific Partnership

A

a proposed trade agreement between 12 countries in the Pacific Rim

108
Q

START/SALT

A

Agreements between the U.S. and Russia to produce less weapons and diminish current arms supply

109
Q

MAD

A

Mutually-assured destruction

110
Q

First strike capability

A

if a country has first strike capability, they can destroy another country’s nuclear weapons

111
Q

Second strike capability

A

the ability of a country with nuclear weapons to strike back against a nuclear attack; no matter how hard it is hit, it can fight back

112
Q

(T/F) The Federal Government is in charge of public schooling

A

False. Responsibility for schooling relies primarily on state and local governments

113
Q

Which president believed that social and economic equality could be attained through equality of educational opportunity?

A

Lyndon B. Johnson

114
Q

Why was the American school system in need of reform?

A

when comparing American schools to international schools, American schools did not have the adequate technologies and resources to ensure that students were learning and succeeding

115
Q

Patriot Act

A

passed after 9/11 under the concern that immigrants were terrorists

116
Q

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

A

an executive action issued by President Obama in 2012, DACA directed federal immigration authorities to cease pursuing deportations for most undocumented immigrants who were brought to the US as children. It also allows these immigrants to apply for a two-year work authorization

117
Q

“Favored” status of immigrants

A

when immigration legislation was first being introduced, immigration quotas permitted more immigrants from European countries than any other countries and there are concerns that immigrants from certain places will receive more help from the government than others

118
Q

Where is most government spending allocated?

A

straight to individuals

119
Q

Debt ceiling

A

limit on the amount of money the government can borrow

american government (3 decks)

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