Rights and Liberties (1st Amendment) Flashcards

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1
Q

Free Speech

A

The right to express opinions without government interference, a fundamental aspect of the First Amendment.

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2
Q

Symbolic Speech

A

Non-verbal expression, such as gestures or actions, that conveys a political or social message and is protected as a form of free speech.

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3
Q

“Low Value” Speech

A

Speech with limited constitutional protection, including obscenity, defamation, and fighting words.

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4
Q

Libel

A

False and damaging written statements that HARM the reputation of an individual or entity.

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5
Q

Defamation

A

FALSE spoken or written statements that harm the reputation of an individual or entity.

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6
Q

True Threats

A

Communications that constitute a serious expression of intent to commit unlawful violence.

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7
Q

“Fighting Words”

A

Offensive and inflammatory language likely to provoke an immediate violent reaction, NOT protected under the First Amendment.

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8
Q

Obscenity

A

Offensive or sexually explicit material that lacks literary, artistic, political, or scientific value and is NOT protected by the First Amendment.

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9
Q

Hate Speech

A

Expression that offends, threatens, or insults a particular group based on attributes such as race, religion, or sexual orientation.

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10
Q

Sedition

A

Advocating the overthrow of the government through force or other unlawful means.

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11
Q

Special Interest Groups

A

Organizations that advocate for specific causes or issues to influence public policy.

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12
Q

Lobbying

A

The act of attempting to influence decisions made by government officials.

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13
Q

Campaign Financing

A

Financial contributions made to influence the outcome of elections, including donations to political campaigns.

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14
Q

Corporation

A

A legal entity (organization) separate from its owners, often formed for business purposes.

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15
Q

Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)

A

Legislation regulating campaign financing and disclosure in federal elections.

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16
Q

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold Campaign Act) [2002]

A

Legislation aimed at reforming campaign finance laws, including restrictions on soft money contributions

17
Q

Political Action Committee (PAC)

A

An organization that raises and spends money to elect or defeat political candidates.

18
Q

SuperPAC

A

An independent political action committee that can raise unlimited funds but cannot directly coordinate with candidates.

19
Q

Assembly

A

The right to gather peacefully with others, protected under the First Amendment.

20
Q

Petition

A

The right to address the government with grievances, requests, or demands.

21
Q

Civic Action

A

Participation in activities aimed at influencing the political, social, or economic well-being of a community.

22
Q

Establishment

A

The clause in the First Amendment prohibiting the government from establishing an official religion.

23
Q

Free Exercise

A

The right to practice one’s religion freely, protected under the First Amendment.

24
Q

Separation of Church and State

A

The concept that government and religious institutions should operate independently of each other.

25
Q

Religious vs. Civic Displays

A

Controversy surrounding the use of religious symbols or displays in public spaces.

26
Q

Corporation

A

A legal entity separate from its owners, often formed for business purposes.

27
Q

Schenck v. United States (1919)

A

Upheld limitations on free speech during wartime, establishing the “clear and present danger” test.

28
Q

Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire (1942)

A

Defined “fighting words” as unprotected speech, allowing for their regulation and punishment.

29
Q

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

A

Set a high standard for proving libel against public figures, protecting the press’s right to criticize public officials.

30
Q

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

A

Affirmed students’ right to symbolic speech in schools, unless it disrupts the educational environment.

31
Q

Texas v. Johnson (1989):

A

Declared that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.

32
Q

Citizens United v. FEC (2011)

A

Protected the Westboro Baptist Church’s right to engage in controversial protests at military funerals

33
Q

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

A

Prohibited state-sponsored prayer in public schools, establishing the separation of church and state.

34
Q

Employment Division v. Smith (1990)

A

Limited the scope of religious exemptions from neutral and generally applicable laws.

35
Q

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2013)

A

Recognized certain closely held corporations’ right to religious exemptions from the Affordable Care Act’s contraception mandate.

36
Q

Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017)

A

Considered the balance between religious freedom and anti-discrimination laws, ruling in favor of a baker who refused to create a cake for a same-sex wedding.