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DISEASE E&E Final Exam > 21. Population Structures and Distributions > Flashcards

21. Population Structures and Distributions Flashcards

1
Q

Population:

A

-group of individual of a single species in a specific area

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2
Q

Characteristics of a population:

A

-number of individuals
-spatial density
-age distributions
-gender distributions
-others?

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3
Q

Distribution limits:

A

-often used in wildlife ecology
-physical environment limits geographic distribution

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4
Q

Homeostasis occurs over a:

A

-range of conditions which vary geographically

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5
Q

Domestic animals distributions:

A

-both physical environment and economic factors can play a role

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6
Q

Patterns of distribution can be:

A

-random: rarest
-regular
-clumped or clustered: scarce resources

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7
Q

Coyotes depredation on cattle: map

A

-where there was more coyotes=more areas where a certain disease was

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8
Q

Beef cows by province:

A

-most in western Canada
>75%
-AB, SK MB, BC

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9
Q

Dairy cows across Canada:

A

-more in the east
>where more of the people are

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10
Q

Male vs. female vets:

A

-younger population is primarily women
-men are barely replacing themselves

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11
Q

BC report on compensation and benefits for associate vets:

A

-emergency was the highest
-companion animals was next
-hard to know as it just shows the median
>other one shows the range but now sure how many are on each end

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12
Q

Infertility problem in a beef herd:

A

-150 cows with a 39% open rate
-vaccinated and turned out the same day
-2 Simmental bulls added, then 2 more added and 3 Charolais after that
>Limousine bull from neighbour during the beginning

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13
Q

Calving distribution graph for infertility problem in beef herd:

A

-if vaccine was the problem=would see less at the beginning and then get better
-see many limousine in the beginning and then trickles out
*neighbours bull probably brought in some sort of disease making the fertility worse

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14
Q

Convergence of humans, bats, trees and culture in Nipah virus transmission , Bangladesh:

A

-made graphs for various factors and villages
-if same shape=factor doesn’t matter
-SAP CONSUMPTION=big difference!

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15
Q

Villages with Nipah virus were similar to control villages in terms of:

A

-human population
-bat population
-number of date palm sap trees

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16
Q

Nipah virus case villages:

A

-higher consumption rates of date palm sap
>were more likely to have a bat hunter live in the village

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17
Q

Each 10% increase in proportion of households reporting regular consumption of raw date sap:

A

-increased odds of being a ‘case village’ by 6.4x

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18
Q

Epidemiological triad:

A

-host
-agent
-environment
*need all three to get a disease

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19
Q

What can affect parasite transmission and prevalence?

A

-population structure
-social organization

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20
Q

Social systems of animal populations:

A

-exhibit structure at several levels
>individuals
>group
>within a group

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21
Q

Social system at the individual level:

A

-age
-sex
-reproductive rate
-relatedness
-position in dominance hierarchy
-social interactions
-patterns of space use

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22
Q

Social system at group level: (herd, farm, etc)

A

-group sizes varies within and among species
-wildlife with solitary individuals that ONLY interact during mating
-monogamous pairs
-socially complex groups
-huge aggregations of individuals

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23
Q

Economics and structure of agricultural industry or urban environment:

A

-may affect group sizes and population distributions

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24
Q

Social system within a group:

A

-sex, age and social status of an individual
-season
*affect the number and types of contacts a pathogen/parasite will experience
>affects exposure and transmission rates

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25
Q

Transmission of parasite among groups (ie. Farms or species) depends on:

A

-group size
-composition
-territoriality
-levels of inter-group movement and contact

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26
Q

Community pastures:

A

-most have closed
-‘summer camp’ for cattle
-*new disease dynamic
>found a parasite (trichomoniasis) that is transmitted during mating

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27
Q

Within group factors:

A

-gender distributions
-age distributions
-social dominance
-super-spreaders

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28
Q

Gender distribution:

A

-several diseases show a bias towards a particular gender
-mating behaviour can have important implications for disease exposures
>polygamy
>variance in mating success
>more likely to spread STD’s such as trichomoniasis
Ex. bovine tuberculosis and CWD in deer show a higher prevalence in males

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29
Q

Bovine tuberculosis and CWD deer: higher prevalence in males

A

-larger animals more susceptible to vectors
-sex related differences in home ranges
-sex related differences in physiology/behaviour
>males have higher stress during breeding system
>effects of hormones on immune system

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30
Q

Prevalence increasing with age:

A

-when the pathogen does not kill the host
Ex. tuberculosis, CWD, Maedi-visna virus in sheep, Johne’s disease in cows

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31
Q

Seroprevalence increasing with age:

A

-if antibody titers persist

32
Q

Juveniles have a higher prevalence than adults

A

-if hosts can recover from infection and become immune
>many adults have been exposed and recovered
Ex. parvo-virus in dogs, many parasites, calici-virus in cats
-infants may be initially protected by maternal immunity and become susceptible when passive immunity wanes

33
Q

Social dominance is complicated by:

A

-breeding
-rank stability
-coping mechanisms for subordinates

34
Q

Social dominance:

A

-can affect exposure rates and stress levels
>chronic stress can impair immune system

35
Q

Super-spreaders:

A

-a few individuals often infect a large number of other animals
*focus control on them as an effective disease control strategy
-difficult to identify
-20/80 rule

36
Q

Identifying super-spreaders:

A

-social networks need to be identified or other diagnostic tools to identify highly infectious individuals

37
Q

20/80 rule:

A

-20% of the individuals within a give population are thought to contribute at least 80% to the transmission
*inter-induvial variation in R0 or Re

38
Q

Beijing SARS outbreak (2002-2003):

A

-77 patients examined
-66 did NOT infect others
-7 infected 3 or fewer
-4 were ‘super-spreaders’ infected more than 8 each

39
Q

What makes a super spreader: 2 factors

A
  1. Biological factors
  2. Behaviour/social factors
40
Q

3 factors involved in a super spreader:

A
  1. Host factors
  2. Pathogen factors
  3. Environmental factors
41
Q

Host factors: super spreader

A

-physiological
-behavioural
-immunological

42
Q

Pathogen factors: super spreader

A

-virulence
-coinfection

43
Q

Environmental factors: super spreader

A

-crowding
-misdiagnosis
-movement of infected hosts
-ventilation

44
Q

Intergroup factors:

A
  1. Territoriality (wildlife species especially)
  2. Group size and population density
  3. Economic organization of agricultural industry
45
Q

Territoriality:

A

-aggressive encounters may increase exposure to disease
-defensive behaviours are energetically costly and may increase stress
-biting/scratching are potential transmission mechanisms
*may reduce transmission by reducing contact between individuals and groups

46
Q

Group size and population density:

A

-affects contact rate
-function of industry economics and structure
-urban habitats
-size of home ranges
-movements and distances travelled
-barriers to dispersal
-habitat requirements

47
Q

Disease maintenance and transmission enhanced at:

A

-higher densities

48
Q

Economic organization of industry:

A

-herd sizes
-herd densities and inter-herd contact
-animal movement
-inter-species mixing and within-species mixing
-cross border movement of animals

49
Q

Number of beef cows by herd size 2011:

A

-quite a bit of smaller herds

50
Q

Alberta feedlot capacity:

A

-80% are in southern Alberta
-200 feedlots that feed 1.5M
*dominated by big operations

51
Q

Canadian beef industry pyramid:

A

-top: 2 major beef processors
-200 feedlots
-bottom: 70,000 cow-calf producers (maybe closer to 54,000 now)
*population characteristics and distributions have major impact on disease transmission dynamics and disease control effects

52
Q

Diagnosis is all about:

A

*probabilities and population distributions
-putting the animal in perspective to it’s particular population distribution

53
Q

Risk factors or tendencies for a population:

A

-help us to narrow down our diagnosis

54
Q

Clinical diagnosis quote:

A

-effort to recognize the class or group to which the patient’s illness belongs
-based on prior experience with the class and clinical signs we can decide
>do what we think will maximize that patient’s health

55
Q

3 elements of disease:

A
  1. Disease
  2. Illness
  3. Predicament
    *act of clinical diagnosis focuses on the illness in order to identify the first while keeping an eye on the third
56
Q

Disease (element of disease):

A

-read about in medical textbooks
-objective of the diagnostic process

57
Q

Illness (element of disease):

A

-cluster of symptoms and signs

58
Q

Predicament (element of disease):

A

-environment, client limitations in which the animal is situated

59
Q

Most medical books:

A

-start with target disorders and go backward to illness
*reverse of the diagnostic process

60
Q

Clinical diagnostic strategy #1:

A

-pattern recognition (‘aunt minnie’)
-instantaneous realization that a patient’s presentation conforms to a previously learned picture of disease
*usually visual but can be auditory or by odor

61
Q

Pattern recognition:

A

-diagnostic conclusion is made quickly
-reflexive but reflective
-difficult to teach
-increases with experience
-only the start of the diagnosis process
*results in several diagnoses rather than a single certain one

62
Q

Clinical diagnostic strategy #2:

A

-arborization strategy
-flow chart of many potential pathways of diagnostic inquiries
-logical and include all relevant causes
-used when diagnosis is delegated to others
-may help to triage cases

63
Q

Arborization method best for conditions with:

A

-discrete and accurate data

64
Q

Arborization method promotes:

A

-careful methodical workup

65
Q

Arborization method:

A

-excellent tool for uncommon conditions
-however can be cumbersome and inefficient
-may be poor at handling atypical case presentations

66
Q

Clinical diagnostic strategy #3:

A

-exhaustive method
-painstaking, invariant search for all medical facts about the patient
-followed by sifting through data
-students are taught this
-novice and abandoned with experience

67
Q

Exhaustive method is perhaps useful in:

A

-very complex cases

68
Q

Exhaustive method:

A

-avoids the failure to look problem
-usually very inefficient
-not what clinicians usually use
-has a lab counterpart

69
Q

Lab counterpart of exhaustive method: ‘experiment’

A

-randomized patients to receive 50 tests as soon as they arrived
-exhaustive testing did NOT improve mortality, morbidity, duration of monitoring, disability, length of stay

70
Q

Clinical diagnostic strategy #4:

A

-hypothetico-deductive strategy
-used by all clinician, all the time
-formulation of a short list of potential diagnoses
-use of other diagnostic strategies to reduce or add to the list

71
Q

Where do hypotheses come from?

A

-pattern recognition
-knowledge of population distributions and risk factors
-usually make it within minutes of work
>history taking or physical exam that reduces the length of the list

72
Q

Other diagnostic maneuvers that are used to shorten the list of hypotheses?

A

-clinical diagnostic strategies: history and physical examination
-paraclinical diagnostic maneuvers: x-rays, laboratory tests

73
Q

Barrows et al. study in 1982 (hypotheses):

A

-1st hypothesis on average 28s
-correct ones were generated in 6mins
-right about 75% of the time
-average of 5.5 hypotheses generated for each case

74
Q

Hypothetico-deductive strategy:

A

-usually keep list to 3-4 max
-seek evidence that will SUPPORT their hypothesis rather than ‘rule-out’ their hypotheses
-may not be the most efficient technique
*all seasoned clinicians used this technique

75
Q

How do we improve the hypothetico-deductive strategy?

A

-master dynamic models of structure, function and response to stimuli
-understand the PATTERNS of population distributions of diseases
-master highly directed and unbiased selection acquisition and interpretation of the clinical and paraclinical data that will shorten the list

76
Q

‘complete’ physical exam is:

A

-really an all-encompassing set of sub-routines’

DISEASE E&E Final Exam (11 decks)

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