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DISEASE E&E Final Exam > 24. Disease Control Part III > Flashcards

24. Disease Control Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Movement and trade of large animals:

A

-important part of economic activity in livestock
*significant risk of spreading disease between farms
-important to understand contact structure and trade patterns for disease control activities

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2
Q

Risk factors for large livestock disease outbreaks:

A
  1. High density areas of livestock
  2. Long distance and high frequency movements
  3. Comingling
  4. Inconsistent application of biosecurity
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3
Q

Example of areas with high density of livestock:

A

-Southern Alberta (feedlot alley)
-Lower Fraser Valley BC (dairy and poultry)
-SE Manitoba (pigs)

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4
Q

How many animals are on the road everyday in Canada?

A

-50 million

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5
Q

Comingling happens at:

A

-auctions
-community pastures
-livestock shows/competitions

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6
Q

Who are the stakeholders?

A

-livestock producers
-industry organizations
-associated sectors
-CFIA
-provincial chief veterinary officer
-veterinary organizations

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7
Q

What is AHEM II?

A

-Animal Health Emergency Management
-creating awareness and building capacity for response to serious animal disease emergencies in Canadian livestock sector

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8
Q

Reportable disease list: diseases in Western Canada

A

-anthrax
-bluetongue
-BSE
-bovine TB
-brucellosis
-CWD
-cysticercosis
-equine infectious anemia
-equine piroplasmosis
-FMD
-new castle disease
-notifiable avian influenza
-pullorum disease
-rabies
-scrapie
-vesicular stomatitis

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9
Q

Health of Animals Act: Reportable Diseases Regulations

A

-31 diseases
-CFIA must report and have a program

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10
Q

Reportable disease regulations: if PRESENT in Canada

A

-control OR eradication

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11
Q

Reportable disease regulations: if FOREIGN to Canada

A

-import controls
-active surveillance
-emergency preparedness

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12
Q

Legislative authority of the Health of Animals Act: has the authority to

A

-control, eradicate and prevent the entry into Canada of diseases of animals that are a threat to human health

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13
Q

Legislative authority of the Health of Animals Act: allows Governor in Council to

A

-regulate movement of people, animals, and vehicles in respect of places or areas infected with serious animal disease

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14
Q

Reportable diseases are:

A

-outlined in Health of Animals Act and Reportable Diseases Regulations
-significant importance to human or animal health and/or Canadian economy
*animal owners, vets and labs are required to IMMEDIATELY report if suspected or contaminated

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15
Q

Reportable diseases in SK:

A

-anthrax
-CWD
-rabies

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16
Q

Provincially reportable diseases are diseases that:

A

-require action for prevention, control or eradication of disease

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17
Q

Provincially notifiable diseases are disease that:

A

-require monitoring for trade purposes or to help the industry detect/understand their presence in SK
-no action is taken in most cases
>action may be taken at discretion of chief vet officer

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18
Q

World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH):

A

-167 member countries
-5 geographic regions
*to ensure better cooperation between nations to counter spread of animal diseases
>improve animal health throughout the world
*international forum for setting animal health standards

19
Q

Animal health is a:

A

-global issue
>sanitary governance must be improved worldwide

20
Q

2017 Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Outbreak in MB:

A

-80 infected herds
-11 high risk areas
-198 premises within risk area
-284 premises tested

21
Q

2017 PED Outbreak response:

A

-detecting disease spread
1. High risk area weekly surveillance testing (1500/week)
*significance of Premises ID
2. Trace In/Out surveillance

22
Q

PED outbreak: disease spread risks

A

-direct animal movement
-recurrent PEDv form recovered pigs
-premises biosecurity gaps
-transport and high risk premises
-area spread and weather
-deadstock
-manure and manure application
-feed and feed movement

23
Q

Networks consist of:

A

-people/animals/herds connected by potential disease transmission events

24
Q

Create a ‘network map’:

A

-conceptualize the potential for transmission
-connect nodes
*road map where disease can travel

25
Q

Networks highly depend on:

A

-disease transmission
Eg. BSE vs FMD

26
Q

Contact tracing is a:

A

-major part of disease control efforts with reportable disease
>FMD
>TB
>porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
>BSE

27
Q

How to do contact tracing?

A

-start at a node of infection and identify all contacts in past
>time period will depend on disease
*then test contacts for disease presence or protection with vaccination or quarantine

28
Q

Premises ID:

A

-essential part of traceability system
-a unique national number tied to a premise with livestock

29
Q

Premises ID allows for:

A

-rapid notification of livestock and poultry stakeholders
-maintaining or providing greater market access

30
Q

Premises ID helps prepare for:

A

-animal health and food safety emergencies

31
Q

Premises ID during an emergency (ex. natural disaster):

A

-facilitates rapid evacuation of animals
-helps track animals
-reduces impact

32
Q

Mandatory program administered by provinces: need premises ID to

A

-buy medications
-complete movement documents such as manifests and permits
-sell livestock
-apply for grants, licenses and programs

33
Q

Animal movement and traceability:

A

-varies by industry
-cattle, bison, sheep, etc. need to be IDed with approved tag before leaving farm of origin

34
Q

Examples for animal traceability:

A

-Canadian Livestock Tracking System
-Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA)
>RFID tags
-PigTRACE

35
Q

Animal movement networks:

A

-hard to measure
-rarely have the info completely identified
-contact tracing is highly LABOUR INTENSICE and difficult
>*can make hug difference in disease control efforts if successful

36
Q

Can use networks to look for:

A

-hubs and patterns to be prepared for FUTURE outbreaks

37
Q

Analysis of swine movement example:

A

-1 truck shared by 4 farms
-more than 50% of shipments on any day, the same truck was used for more than 1 shipment

38
Q

Reproductive number (R): disease spread

A

-number of secondary cases generated per existing case
-R<1 =outbreak contracts
-R>1 =outbreak expands
*usually changes over time, not consistent between ‘contemporary’ cases

39
Q

Hubs:

A

-can have a great influence
Ex. auction market, show, Agribition

40
Q

Spread AND control are:

A

-exponential in nature
>importance of blocking or preventing spread (biosecurity)
>hard to prove the value of ‘saves’

41
Q

Disease response: consider

A

-detect a case, but maybe not aware of other cases
-control spread from detected
-trace forward and try trace back and trace forward again

42
Q

Earlier detection and response:

A

-more rapid detection
-better tracing
-controlling spread from detected

43
Q

2 ways to flatten the curve from disease spread and control being exponential:

A

-increase biosecurity barriers and control
-earlier detection implement control when there is fewer cases

DISEASE E&E Final Exam (11 decks)

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