ch 16

Question 1

what are the two types of prokaryotes?

Answer 1

archea and bacteria

Question 2

what are 3 charchteristics of bacteria?

Answer 2

-they lack organelles
-have cell membranes divided by gram-positive (bilayer with peptidoglycan) and gram-negative (inner and outer membrane with a thin wall of peptidoglycan)
- can have capsules (outer coatings).

Question 3

what is the difference between vertical and horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 3

-Ve:1 generation to the next
-H : between unrelated individuals or different species

Question 4

what are the 3 mechanisms for gene transfer?

Answer 4

-Transformation- DNA is taken up from medium
-Conjugation- DNA directly transferred between organisms
-Transduction- DNA is carried by phage from one organism to another

Question 5

how does artifical bacterial transformation work?

Answer 5

-Calcium cold shock/electroporation - these make the membranes temporarily porus

Question 6

how does conjugation for bacterial transformations work?

Answer 6

one-way DNA transfer from donor to the recipient that requires cell-to-cell contact (it doesn’t exchange materials so to say more as it shoots itself inside the other)

Question 7

what can conjugation tell you about two genes mixing together?

Answer 7

-when they are able to complement each other (they have the missing parts for each 1) they make a colony

Question 8

what is bacterial transduction?

Answer 8

• when the bacteriophages take pieces of DNA from one host to another

Question 9

what are recombinant llibraries?

Answer 9

Finding a mutant gene of interest by taking a bacterial strain with the mutant phenotype, transforming it into a normal version of the strain which will be plated onto an antibiotic plate for the selected gene of interest.