The Indigenous peoples pt.4 Flashcards

1
Q

The corn god in Mayan society

A

Yum Kax

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2
Q

The rain god in Mayan society

A

Chac

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3
Q

The god of the earth in Mayan society

A

Ah Kinchil

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4
Q

Mayans played a ball game similar to basketball called?

A

pok a tok

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5
Q

In Mayan society a red dye was obtained from the berries of the ___________ and a dark blue one from the fruit of the _______________

A

annatto shrub, genipa tree

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6
Q

The Mayans used __________ for money

A

cacao beans

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7
Q

What were some metals and materials produced by the Mayans

A

gold, copper, jade and wood

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8
Q

One of the Mayans favorite objects was?

A

the figurine whistle

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9
Q

In Mayan mathematics what were the symbols they used for the following:
0, 5 and 1

A

0- a shell
1- a dot
5- a bar

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10
Q

Name two of the Mayan languages

A

Kekchi-Maya & Yucatec-Maya

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11
Q

What does the word ‘Taino’ mean?

A

peace / men of the good

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12
Q

What were the names of the three groups of Arawaks?

A

Lucayans, Borequinos and Tainos

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13
Q

Migratory routes of the Caribs and Kalinagos

A

Tainos migrated in a north easterly direction to venezuela then into the Lesser Antilles, moving up the chain of islands until they reached the Greater Antilles

The Kalinagos followed the rivers Xingu and Tapajoz across Brazil northwards to the Amazon. One group moved east and the other crossed the Amazon river and followed its tributaries (Rio Negro and Rio Bronco) to the north reaching the valley of the Orinoco and they drove out the Arawaks.

The latter group of Kalinagos eventually arrived at the Gulf of Paria from where they took to the sea. They moved up tnhe chain of the Leeward islands pushing out the Arawaks. The Arawaks in Trinidad resisted the Kalinagos and so continued to occupy all but the north western part where the Kalinagos occupied.

By the time the Spanish arrived the Kalinagos had reached Puerto Rico

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14
Q

Name two areas other than South America from which the Amerindians could have migrated directly to the Caribbean

A

Florida and Central America

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15
Q

Possible reasons for the migration of the Amerindians?

A

Migration was an integral part of their culture

The population had outgrown the available food resources in their homeland and it was becoming more difficult to feed everyone

resources used for creating shelter had been exhausted so there was the need to find new supplies

changes in climatic conditions might have adversely affected their health so they wanted to find more favorable climate

The Amerindians were a seafaring people so they could have accidentally discovered any one of the islands and opted to settle there

The Arawaks might have seen the islands as a place of refuge from the warlike Kalinagos

The kalinagos were warlike so they might have migrated in search of new targets or in pursuit of the Arawaks

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16
Q

Which two islands did the Kalinagos and Tainos share?

A

Trinidad and Puerto Rico

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17
Q

Which of the Caribbean islands was there no permanent settlement of the Amerindians in?

A

Barbados

18
Q

Places in central America that the Mayans settled in?

A

Mexico (including the states of Yucatan, Campeche, Tabasco), Belize (British Honduras), parts of El Salvador and Honduras

19
Q

Name the four types of areas that the Tainos mainly located their settlements

A

on hillsides overlooking the sea

near rivers and streams

on coastal plains

near flat fertile land

20
Q

Give three reasons whwy the Tainos chose certain types of locations for their settlements

A

1) The wangted to have easy access to water for domestic purposes, for transportation and communication, recreation, trading with other coastal settlements, fishing, defence from attackers, carrying out raids, and irrigating their crops to protect them from drought

2) they were an agricultural people so they needed fertile land for agriculture

3) they chose sites on the top of hills as a precaution against surprise attacks from the Kalinagos

21
Q

Five reasons why Amerindian settlements might have maintained contact with one another?

A

1) maintain familial ties between relatives
2) provide mutual security against hostile groups
3) share cultural, social, religious activities
4) create political alliances through marriages
5) trade with islands who share a common language and culture

22
Q

Why did Taino mothers flatten the foreheads of their babies

A

they thought it enhanced their beauty

23
Q

Describe how the Tainos dressed themselves

A

Taino mothers flattened the foreheads of their babies

Tainoswore little or no clothing. Married women wore a loin cloth while the yopung of both sexes and the less civilized went naked. Women married to Caciques wore skirts

Tainos adorned their bodies with brightly colored vegetable dyes

They wore arm and leg bands made of cotton

They wore ornaments such as pendants, necklaces and bracelets which were made of stone, bone, pottery, wood, feqather, beads, shells, and gold pieces. They also wore gold pieces in their ears and nose. Caciques wore more jewelry than others

The Caciques wore headdresses of feathers adorned with plates of gold and bands of colored beads and bones

24
Q

The taino used vegetable dyes. Red, blue and black dyes called?

A

red- roucou
blue- indigo
black- genip

25
Q

Why did the Tainos adorn their bodies with dyes?

A

to beautify and protect them from the fierece rays of the sun and from insect bites in the absence of clothes

26
Q

Who was the cacique of Hispaniola at the time when the Europeans came?

A

Anacoana

27
Q

What were some of the chores male Tainos had?

A

they cleared the fields

hunted, fished, defended the village

constructed the houses and canoes

made the tools, weapons and musical instruments

28
Q

What were some of the chore female Tainos had?

A

they reaped the crops, spun and wove cotton and made handicrafts

they also took care of children

29
Q

Chores in the Taino society done by both male and female

A

they made carvings and drew pictures on rocks or on the walls of caves to record their history and practices

30
Q

In Taino society the bards or sambas composed of sad or lively songs called ?

A

Arietos/Areytos

31
Q

Some skills/occupations of the Taino people

A

they were accomplished in wood work and pottery

they made zemis/idols representing their gods

they made ceremonial stools/duhos sometime carved in wood or stone in the shape of a human or animal

They dug out or shaped canoes from large cedar or silk cotton trees

they built highly polished stools and tables

they made tools and weapons

they made musical instruments

they made elaborate ceramics

they made cord or rope from hemp, cotton, grass and tree bark

from tree bark they made baskets

they spun cotton into thread which was then woven into cloth or made into cords which could be knotted to make fishing nets or hammocks

32
Q

What was the Tainos preferred way of cooking the animals they caught?

A

barbecues

33
Q

What were the methods the tainos used to obtain food?

A

agriculture, hunting, fishing, gathering, animal rearing and trade

34
Q

What method of agriculture did the tainos use to obtain food/

A

the advanced conuco method and the slash and burn method

35
Q

What weapons did the Tainos use to hunt?

A

darts, lances, nets and traps

36
Q

What weapons did the tainos use to fish?

A

nets, spears, traps, baskets, poison/stupefiers (barbasco), hook and line and remora (sucker fish)

37
Q

Explain the slash and burn method of agriculture

A

the selected land was cleared of brush and small trees with the use of stone axes. After the brush and small trees were cut they were left on the land to dry.

They used axes to cut rings around the larger trees in order to kill and cut them down. The stumps of these trees were left in the ground to rot. The felled tree trunks and their branches were allowed to dry on the ground surface before they were burnt and burning usually took place before the end of the dry season around April- May.

The land was cleared of weeds and brush and to create space for planting

The crops were planted by the women using their coa against the burnt stumps which remained. Cassava was planted twice a year when the soil was damp and corn was planted on hillsides during the period of the new moon and after the start of the rains.

In Cuba and Hispaniola, a mixture of urine and ash was used to fertilize the fields, and irrigation ditches were dug in Cuba to water the crops.

During the growing season children were stationed on platforms in trees near the fields to scare away the birds.

While the plants grew, women pulled out weeds from among the growing plants.

The fields had to be changed every few years, at which time new plots were selected and cleared.

38
Q

Advantages of the slash and burn method?

A

there was no need for a large labor force

the tools that were needed were very simple and could be made easily

the burning of the field was an important mechanism for releasing nutrients into the soil.

It increased the soil’s friability and beneficially facilitated planting and growth in output in the vital first year of cultivation.

It provided an immediate surge in the level of available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium and magnesium within the surface layers of the soil.

39
Q

`Disadvantages of the slash and burn method?

A

fire destroyed some of the nutrients in the soil, and so reduced its fertility

reduced fertility contributed to low yield which could not provide adequate food to support a large population

there was the need to change each field every few years. Therefore the Tainos either had to relocate their households frequently or they had to travel far distances from home to their new fields

40
Q
A