evolution chapter 8 terms:

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

process of genetic change in population over time

Question 2

paleontology

Answer 2

study of ancient life

Question 3

catastrophism

Answer 3

destroyed species living in a region

Question 4

uniformitarianism

Answer 4

geological processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today

Question 5

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 5

characteristics acquired during an organisms life can be passed on to its offspring

Question 6

theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 6

• how life changed and continues to change
  individuals with traits that helped them survive in their environments are more likely to survive and pass on traits

Question 7

descent with modification

Answer 7

• theory that natural selection doesn’t demonstrate progress
• based on species’ ability to survive environment conditions at certain times

Question 8

fossil records

Answer 8

shows organisms alive in the past
ex: where they lived, when they became extinct, order they appear in history

Question 9

transitional fossils

Answer 9

intermediary links between groups of organisms, share characteristics, provides evidence that they are related

Question 10

vestigial structure

Answer 10

reduced version of a structure that WAS functional in organisms ancestors, may be present but doesn’t function
ex: whale’s pelvic bone

Question 11

biogeography

Answer 11

supports hypothesis that species evolve in one location and spread out to other places

Question 12

homologous structure

Answer 12

similar structure but different functions
ex: vertebrate forelimbs

Question 13

analogous structure

Answer 13

similar function but different structure
ex: birds and bats

Question 14

embryology

Answer 14

study of early, pre-birth stages of organisms development
ex: paired pouches- vertebrate embryos have paired pouches of throat

Question 15

5 sources of evidence for evolution

Answer 15

• fossils
• biogeography
• anatomy
• embryology
• dna

Question 16

evidence from fossils

Answer 16

remains and traces of past (animals, plants, etc.) that give scientists record of past life
ex: fossil records show where they lived

Question 17

evidence from biogeography

Answer 17

study of past and present geographical distribution of species population
ex: darwins evidence- birds on galapagos islands resembled those of mainland south america
- suggested island species evolved from those that migrated from mainland

Question 18

evidence from anatomy

Answer 18

as vertebrates evolved, same bones put to different uses
ex: birds and bats -> flying
horses and dogs -> running
whales and seals -> swimming

Question 19

evidence from embryology

Answer 19

embryos of different organisms exhibit similar stages of embryonic development
ex: fish -> pouches develop into gills

Question 20

evidence from dna

Answer 20

evolutionary relationships between species related in their dna
ex: dogs related to bears
whales and dolphins related to ungulates (hoofed animals- cows)