principles of chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of solids

A

fixed shape and volume
cannot be compressed

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2
Q

what are the properties of liquids

A

no fixed shape, but take the shape of their container
fixed volume
can flow
cannot be compressed

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3
Q

what are the properties of gas

A

no fixed shape, but take the shape of their container
do not have a fixed volume, but take up the volume of their container
can flow
can be compressed

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4
Q

properties of solids in terms of particles

A

have a regular arrangement
are tightly packed, particles are touching each other
vibrate about their position
have strong forces of attraction holding them in position

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5
Q

properties of liquids in terms of particles

A

have no regular arrangement
are tightly packed, particles are touching each other
move randomly at different speeds
do not move far as they frequently collide with other particles
have weaker forces of attraction compared to solids

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6
Q

properties of gas in terms of particles

A

have no regular arrangement
move randomly at different speeds, but much faster than liquids
have very weak forces of attraction compared to solids

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7
Q

what is melting

A

Applying thermal energy to a solid substance will result in it eventually becoming a liquid

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8
Q

what is evaporation

A

when liquid turns into gas

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9
Q

what is boiling

A

The process of applying thermal energy to a liquid to obtain a gas is called

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10
Q

what is condensation

A

turning gas into liquid, by cooling a gas

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11
Q

what is freezing

A

turning liquid into solid by further cooling the liquid

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12
Q

what is sublimation

A

from solid to gas

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13
Q

state change in state in terms of kinetic theory

A

the kinetic energy of the particles determines which state of matter a substance exists in. As the temperature of a substance increases, the average kinetic energy of the particles is increased and this can affect the physical state and properties of the material.

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14
Q

relationship between temp and gas state

A

As heat is added to the gas, the temperature of the gas increases. This makes each particle move faster and further, but still in random directions. It increases the distance between the particles, so the volume the gas occupies increases as the temperature increases.

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15
Q

relationship between pressure and gas state

A

In a gas, the particles exert a pressure on the walls (or sides) of any container in which they are held
When you increase the pressure of a gas at a fixed temperature, the volume of the gas decreases

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16
Q

describe and explain diffusion

A

diffusion is the movement of the particles from the area of high concentration to the area of lower concentration. We describe this as moving down the concentration gradient

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17
Q

describe and explain dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass

A

The greater the mass of the molecules, the slower the molecules move at any given temperature. At any given temperature, all substances have the same average kinetic energy. Therefore, lighter molecules need to have a greater velocity than heavier molecules.

18
Q

describe difference between elements mixtures and compounds

A

element- made of only one type of atom, cannot be further broken down

compound-elements within cannot be further seperated, made when two or more elements chemically bond in a reaction

mixtures-made when elements or compounds are mixed with each other, substances within are not chemically bonded together, can be easily seperated

19
Q

describe properties of metals

A

good conducters of electricity and heat, usually high melting point, malleable, ductile

20
Q

describe properties of non-metals

A

bad conducters of electricity and heat, usually low melting point, not malleable,brittle

21
Q

what is used to measure time

A

stopwatch

22
Q

what is used to measure temp

A

thermometer

23
Q

what is used to measure mass

A

mass balance

24
Q

what is used to measure volume

A

burettes, volumetric pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes

25
Q

what are the methods of purification

A

with a solvent, filtration, crystsllisation, distillation

26
Q

explain method of purification with a solvent

A

to separate two solids this method can be used, firstly add the solvent to the mixture, one solid must be soluble and the other not, then remove the not soluble solid from solvent, and evaporate solvent from remaining solid.

27
Q
A
28
Q

explain method of purification via filtration

A

used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid, requires a filter funnel, the solid isnt able to pass through holes in filter paper, and is none as the residue, the liquid that can pass through is known as the filtrate

29
Q

explain method of purification via crystallisation

A

to separate a soluble solid from a liquid, which have a different solubility. As temp of solution decreases less space available for solid in liquid, particles pushed out and gradually become crystals

30
Q

explain method of purification distillation

A

separation of two liquids. through temporarily transforming them into gases.
first solution is heated in a distillation flask, then liquid with lowest boiling point evaporates and becomes a gas, it passes along the condenser in which cold water is passing through, which cools gas back into a liquid, which is collected in a beaker

31
Q

explain method of purification fractional distillation

A

used to separate multiple liquids with different boiling points approximatly 25 c proximity. Apparatus same as simple distillation but has a frwctionating column, which has beads to provide a cool surface in which the vapour of liquid with highest boiling point go through and will condense and drop back into flask.

32
Q

what is a solvent

A

a substance that dissolves a solute eg water

33
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent eg sugar

34
Q

what is a solution

A

a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

35
Q

what is a saturated solution

A

a solution containing max concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specific temperature

36
Q

what is a residue

A

substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration or any similiar process

37
Q

what is a filtrate

A

a liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

38
Q

what is the boiling and freezing point of water

A

100 degrees and 0

39
Q

in chromotography how do you know substance is pure

A

only one spot/ colour is seen after process is done

40
Q

in chromotography how can you tell a bit of the solute composition

A

if you also tested other substances, and the seperation has the same distance travelled in one spot, they contain the same solute

41
Q

how is chromotography used to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances

A

the unknown substances (solutes) are carried up a sheet of filter paper by the solvent, solutes move at different rate according to their mass and solubility, therefore they are deposited at differnet places in filter paper, being able to distinguish the solutes that compose the solution. A locating agent may also be used, which is a chemical substance that reacts with the seperated solutes to produce a coloured substance, clearly visible to calculate the rf value

42
Q

what is rf value

A

distance travelled by the solute/ distance travelled by the solvent