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AP psych > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

receiving energies from the environment and turning it into neural energy

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2
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info

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3
Q

top down processing

A

cognition to sensory input (perception)

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory receptors send info to brain (sensation)

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5
Q

sensory receptors

A

cells that transmit stimulus info to sensory (afferent) nerves to the brain

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the absolute minium amount of stimulus energy a person can detect (50% detection rate)

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

degree of difference that exists between two stimuli before that difference is detected

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8
Q

webers law

A

Minimum percentage over minimum amount (drop of water in glass example)

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

approach to perception that highlights decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty

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10
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on a specific aspect of experience, while ignoring others

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

change in responsiveness of sensory system based on average level of surrounding stimulation

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12
Q

perceptual set

A

Predisposition/readiness to perceive something in a certain way

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13
Q

sensory transduction

A

process where our bodies turn (transduce) external/physical/chemical stimuli into electrical impulses for brain to interpret

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14
Q

wavelengths

A

distance between peak of waves

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15
Q

light

A

energy that travels in waves

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16
Q

increasing energy results in

A

decreasing wavelenghts

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17
Q

Amplitude

A

height of wave (equates to brightness)

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18
Q

hue

A

color

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19
Q

saturation

A

intensity of color

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20
Q

Brightness

A

white/black

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21
Q

cornea

A

what is outside the eye

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22
Q

lens

A

gets light to reach the back of the eyeball

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23
Q

muscles

A

open and close the pupil

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24
Q

fovea centralls

A

where the refracted light is sent

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25
Q

optic nerve

A

goes from the eye to the brain

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26
Q

cones

A

help us see color

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27
Q

rods

A

help us see monochromatic grey scale

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28
Q

rods and cones

A

send things forward

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29
Q

1st step of vision

A

lightwaves hit the eye

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30
Q

2nd step of vision

A

structures focus light on retina

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31
Q

3rd step of vision

A

rods and cones take the image and convert light waves to electrical energy

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32
Q

4th step of vision

A

electrical signal transfers to bipolar and then ganglion cells

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33
Q

5th step of vision

A

axons of the ganglion cells create the optic nerve, sending electrical signals to the brain

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34
Q

Nearsighted

A

focal point is in front of the retina

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35
Q

Farsighted

A

focal point is behind the retina

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36
Q

sound waves

A

measured in height and length of wave

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37
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves in a given interval (a sounds pitch)

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38
Q

Amplitude

A

measured in decibels (how loud a sound is)

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39
Q

timbre

A

Saturation of complex sounds

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40
Q

waveform

A

quality of timbre

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41
Q

outer ear

A

pinna/auditory canal

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42
Q

middle ear

A

ear drum (tympanic membrane) malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)

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43
Q

inner ear

A

oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, eustachian tube

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44
Q

1st step of process of hearing

A

sound is sent through auditory canal where vibrations then hit the eardrum

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45
Q

2nd step of process of hearing

A

3 bones vibrate and send waves through the oval window into the inner ear

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46
Q

3rd step of process of hearing

A

mechanisms in ear transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses sent by the auditory nerve to the temporal lobe

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47
Q

1st step of transduction process of hearing

A

bones in the middle ear couple sound vibrations from the air to fluid vibrations in the cochlea of the inner ear

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48
Q

2nd step of transduction process of hearing

A

an elastic partition (basilar membrane) runs from beginning to end of the cochlea, splitting to an upper and lower part

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49
Q

3rd step of transduction process of hearing

A

once vibrations cause fluid in the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane

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50
Q

4th step of transduction process of hearing

A

hair cells ride the wave

51
Q

5th step of transduction process of hearing

A

hair cells move up and down, stereocilia that perch on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend

52
Q

6th step of transduction process of hearing

A

pore like channels at the tip of the stereocilia open up. chemicals then rush into the cell causing an electrical signal

53
Q

visual cortex

A

located in occipital lobe. most visual info hits the visual cortex before being processed elsewhere

54
Q

feature detection

A

in visual cortex, individual neurons acting in order to allow for definition of stimulus

55
Q

binding

A

visual inputs to make a unified whole

56
Q

Parallel processing

A

Simultaneous distribution of sensory input across different neurological pathways

57
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

there are 3 types of cone receptors (red, blue, green) that are sensitive to different overlapping ranges of wavelengths (doesn’t explain afterimages)

58
Q

opponent process theory

A

4 types of cone receptors (red-green. blue-yellow)

59
Q

color blindness

A

1/3 cones doesnt work

60
Q

contour

A

sudden change in brightness

61
Q

figure ground relationship

A

figure= stimuli that stand out back/ground= stimuli that is left over once figure is established

62
Q

gestalt principles

A

the whole is different than the sum of its parts

63
Q

closure

A

filling in spaces to create a whole

64
Q

Proximity

A

closer objects are seen as one compared to far away objects

65
Q

Similarity

A

similar objects are seen as a unit

66
Q

common fate

A

group together things that are pointing to/moving in the same direction

67
Q

Symmetry/order

A

Ambiguous shapes seen as simple a manner as possible

68
Q

continuity

A

eye will follow the smoothest path

69
Q

figure ground

A

larger area of an image as the ground and smaller as the figure

70
Q

depth perception

A

3D viewing

71
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues dependent on combo of left/right eye input

72
Q

Convergence

A

muscle movement determines how far/close something is

73
Q

Monocular cues

A

depth based on one eye

74
Q

familiar size

A

things aren’t actually smaller when further away

75
Q

height in field of view

A

higher in field = further away

76
Q

linear perspective/relative size

A

lines converge to a point that looks like they extend out

77
Q

overlap

A

partial concealment seen as closer

78
Q

shading

A

based on light sources

79
Q

texture gradient

A

denser/finer = further away

80
Q

presbycusis

A

the loss of hearing that gradually occurs as you get older

81
Q

tinnitus

A

perception of ringing in the ears

82
Q

cochlear implants

A

internal devices to bypass the inner ear and send impulses directly to remaining nerves

83
Q

mcgurk effect

A

when what we see does not match what we hear

83
Q

volley principle

A

suggests clutters of nerves can act in concert to produce more firings than one single neuron

83
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to pick up certain stimuli while ignoring othes

83
Q

place theory

A

each frequency produces vibrations at particular location on basal membrane (explains high but not low frequency noises)

83
Q

frequency theory

A

how often the auditory nerve fires faster it fires= higher sound (math doesn’t add up for tones that require faster firing)

84
Q

sound shadow

A

pinpoints where sound comes from due to differences in intensity and timing

84
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue

84
Q

fungiform papillae

A

front of tongue (3-5 taste buds)

85
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

back of tongue (over 100 taste buds)

86
Q

foliate papillae

A

sides of tongue (100 taste buds)

87
Q

sweet

A

caused by sugar/fructose/lactose

88
Q

sour

A

lemon juice, organic acids, hydrogen ions

89
Q

bitter

A

35 proteins respond to bitter substances

90
Q

savory/unami

A

broth, tomatoes, meat, cheese, asparagus

91
Q

fatty

A

maybe receptors for this? natural fats and oils

92
Q

more

A

Alkaline, metallic, water-like

93
Q

gustation

A

taste

94
Q

scent habituation

A

the inability to distinguish a particular scent as a result of ongoing exposure

95
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch sensations (pressure, vibrations, texture)

96
Q

thermoreceptors

A

Temperature of food (cold sensations if skin is below 95, hot sensations of skin is below 41)

97
Q

chemical receptors

A

flavor profiles

98
Q

orthonasal

A

out-there

99
Q

retronasal

A

in the mouth

100
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

special receptors sensitive to odor molecules that travel through air

101
Q

Olfaction

A

smell

102
Q

1st step of smell

A

receptors interpret odor molecules

103
Q

2nd step of smell

A

Olfactory receptors catch odor molecules and bind with them

104
Q

3rd step of smell

A

action potential travels along receptor to olfactory bulb

105
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain picked up by damage (fast pathway- thalamus, motor/sensory areas of cerebral cortex. Slow pathway- limbre system, motor/sensory areas of cerebral cortex)

105
Q

4th step of smell

A

bulb sends info to the brain

105
Q

Where receptors are found

A

Dermis layer of skin

105
Q

Location of highest concentration of thermoreceptors

A

Face and ears

105
Q

Process of thermoreceptors

A

Skin sends action potential to spinal cord, spinal cord sends to brain stem then to thalamus, thalamus puts map of body into somasensory areas of parietal lobes in cerebral cortex

106
Q

Gate control theory

A

Non-painful input closes nerve gates to painful input, preventing pain sensations to travel to CNS- this is explains why rubbing an injury makes it hurt less (the gating mechanism takes place in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord)

107
Q

Kinesthetic senses

A

Movement, posture, orientation

108
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Throughout body- mainly in spindles but also in skin & joints

109
Q

Vestibular senses

A

Balance and movement, orientation of head

110
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Tension on joint

111
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

Angle/movement of joints

112
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Inner ear receptors for orientation

113
Q

Synesthesia

A

Neurological condition where one sense stimulates others

AP psych (12 decks)

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