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Geology 308 for Final > 21. Fluorine > Flashcards

21. Fluorine Flashcards

1
Q

what is fluoride and Fluorine chemical names

A

Fluorine F
Fluoride F-

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2
Q

Minerals that have Fluoride in them are called

A

Fluoride minerals
CaF2

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3
Q

how is water fluoridation done

A

sodium Fluoride (NaF)
combined with Fluorosilicic acid ( H2SiF6 ) or sodium Fluorosilicate (Na2SoF6) to drinking water

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4
Q

what are some non drinking water sources of F- In our diet

A

fish, tea , gelatin

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5
Q

Natural Fluoride into our drinking water supply is by

A

erosion

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6
Q

in 1940s, scientits found people living near water sources with 1ppm of Fluoride had fewer…

A

cavities

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7
Q

today how many americans have Fluorinated public drinking water

A

2/3

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8
Q

study of medieval skeletons showed that people who lived in coastal areas and ate more what had fewer what

A

ate more fish had fewer cavities

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9
Q

CDC study compared kids in the late 1960s to kids in early 1990s and found how many percent drop in cavities

A

68%

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10
Q

This drop could be attributed to

A

drinking Fluorinated water or using Fluoride toothpaste

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11
Q

what is recommended amount of daily Fluoride during tooth enamel growth

A

0.8-1.2 ppm

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12
Q

what benefit does Fluoride give tooth during enamel formation

A

Fluoride helps reduce enamel solubility during formation
strong enamel which is more resistant to bacteria

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13
Q

Greater than 1.5 ppm of Fluoride per day can cause

A

tooth decay and pitting

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14
Q

3-6 ppm per day can cause

A

skeletal fluorosis

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15
Q

WHO says best way to prevent dental decay is

A

Fluorinated drinking water

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16
Q

do we have Fluoride in calgary waters?

A

no discontinued
now its 0.1-0.4 ppm in bow and elbow rivers

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17
Q

History of Fluoridation in calgary
1957-1971

A

Calgary voted against adding fluroide in drinking water 3 times in 1957, 1961 and 1971

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18
Q

History of Fluoridation in calgary
1989-1991

A

vote in favour
1991- 1.0ppm was added

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19
Q

History of Fluoridation in calgary
1998-1999

A

1998, advice from health services with 5 experts saying to lower down level to 0.7 ppm

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20
Q

History of Fluoridation in calgary
2011

A

discontinued fluoride

21
Q

how much was added fluoride to water every year in calgary

A

750,000 yearly

22
Q

controversy of stopping fluoride in water in calgary

A

tooth decays worseneed in children after 2011

research done on grade 2 kids

there were other factors, but main was this

23
Q

what are benefits of adding fluoride

A

reducing incidence of cavities

24
Q

what are negatives of adding fluoride

A

dental and skeletal fluorisis with prolonged high exposure

25
Q

what is fluorisis

A

teeth discolouration
accumulation of fluoride in bones
join damage the bones and cause pain

26
Q

how much was calgarys price to upgrade fluoride injection system if happened in 2011

A

several million dollars

27
Q

why the concern about fluoride in drinking water

A

some research suggests adding fluoride to lead to lower IQ

28
Q

when can dental fluorisis occur and how

A

excessive exposure in childhood, only while tooth formation is happening
when child is birth - 6 years old
some research says especially first 2 years

29
Q

what are some ways children can be exposed to excessive fluoride

A
  1. fluoridated mouthwash kids might swallow
  2. Alot of swallowing fluoride toothpaste
  3. Bottled water with untested fluoride content
  4. Inappropriate fluoride supplements
  5. Public water fluoridation (40%) , resulting effect is aesthetic
30
Q

how do severe cases of fluorisis occur

A

exposure to naturally fluorinated water above levels
pollution from high fluoride coal

31
Q

what is the hardest substance in a human body with most minerals

A

Tooth enamel

32
Q

what is the main mineral in enamel

A

hydroxyapatite, a crystalline calcium phosphate

33
Q

what is chemical formula for calcium phosphate

A

Ca5(PO4)3(OH)

34
Q

How does fluoride bind to calcium phosphate

A

Excess fluoride can combine with calcium to form CaF2. Not enough calcium phosphate production means less mineralization in growing enamel

35
Q

Hypomineralized enamel

A

altered optical properties
looks opaque
lusterless to normal

36
Q

Skeletal fluorisis affect on bones

A

high fluoride, bones harden
loose elasticity and fractures increase
bone structure thickens
Joint mobility is impaired
ligaments and cartilage ossified

37
Q

What are bones made of

A

calcium phosphate

38
Q

what if there is too much fluoride in blood

A

fluoride will leach the calcium out of bones to form CaF2, which is insoluble
this solid if flushed out of body

39
Q

in how many countries is skeletal flurosis a problem? which 2 countries are most severe?

A

25 countries
China and India

40
Q

which drinking water supply has highest amount of fluoride in it in china and india

A

Groundwater is highly fluorinated

41
Q

How many states in india are endemic areas?
How many people are at risk and how many are disabled?
how much fluoride does groundwater have

A

20 states
60 million at risk
6 million disabled
6-8ppm

42
Q

Groundwater in geographic areas

A

groundwater with over 1.5 mg/L of naturally occurring fluride is above recommended levels

43
Q

where is global distribution of fluoride-rich groundwater

A

US, africa, South america
China India majority of asia

43
Q

what type of rocks can contain fluorite or fluorapatite

A

Igneous rocks that crystallize underground (granite)

43
Q

what minerals are in fluoride in groundwater

A

fluorite CaF2
fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F
Cryolite Na3AIF6

44
Q

Hydrogeological conditions affect

A

Alkaline groundwater increases fluoride minerals solubility.

45
Q

what mineral does fluoride-rich groundwater generally have more of

A

More magnesium than calcium

46
Q

Irrigation and fertilizers

A

Phosphate fertilizers have high levels of fluoride
lots of use of that increased soil fluoride concentrations in many areas

47
Q

Uk test for fluoride new technology

A

fast colour-changing test from purple to blue if too much fluoride
help prevent crippling bone disease skeletal fluorosis in developing countries

Geology 308 for Final (11 decks)

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