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uace biology > Coordination In Plants > Flashcards

Coordination In Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Define stimulus

A

A change in the environment that causes an organism to change its behavior

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2
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A growth movement of part of a plant in response to a unidirectional stimulus

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3
Q

Give an example of phototropism in plants

A
  • shoots and coleoptiles are positively phototropic
  • Some roots are negatively phototrophic for example some roots of climbers like ivy
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4
Q

Give an example of geotropism in plants

A
  • Shoots are negatively geotropic
  • Roots are positively geotropic
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5
Q

Give an example of chemotropism in plants

A
  • Pollen tubes are positively chemotropic in response to chemical produced at micropyle of ovule
  • Hyphae of some fungi are positively chemotropic eg mucor
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6
Q

Give an example of hydrotropism in plants

A
  • All plant roots are positively hydrotropic
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7
Q

Give an example of thigmotropism in plants

A
  • Tendrils are positively thigmotropic
  • Central tentacles of sundew (an insectivorous plant) are positively thigmotropic
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8
Q

Give an example of aerotropism in plants

A
  • Pollen tubes are negatively aerotropic
  • Breathing roots of mangroves are positively aerotropic
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9
Q

What is a taxis?

A

A movement of an entire organism in response to a unidirectional stimulus

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10
Q

Give an example of phototaxis

A
  • Euglena swim towards light
  • Chloroplasts move towards light
  • Earthworms and cockroaches move away from light
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11
Q

Give an example of chemotaxis

A
  • Sperms of mosses, ferns and liverworts swim towards substance’s released by the ovum
  • Motile bacteria move towards various food substances
  • Mosquitoes avoid insect repellents
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12
Q

Give an example of aerotaxis

A
  • Motile bacteria move towards oxygen
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13
Q

Give an example of geotaxis

A
  • Larvae of some cnidarians swim towards the sea bed
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14
Q

What is a nasty?

A

A non-directional movement of part of a plant in response to an external stimulus

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15
Q

Give an example of photonasty

A
  • Leguminous plants lower their leaves in the dark and raise them in the light
  • Sunflowers close at night
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16
Q

Give an example of thermonasty

A
  • Petals of flowers like crocus and tulip open at temperatures around 16 degrees celsius and close below this
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17
Q

Give an example of thigmonasty

A
  • Venus fly trap leaves close rapidly when touched
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18
Q

What are plant hormones/ growth substances?

A

These are chemical substances produced in plants which accelerate, inhibit or otherwise modify growth

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19
Q

What are the five major plant growth substances?

A
  • Auxins (Indoleacetic acid) [growth promoter]
  • Gibberellins [growth promoter]
  • Cytokinins [growth promoter]
  • Abscissic acid [growth inhibitor]
  • Ethene [growth inhibitor]
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20
Q

What do auxins do and where do they mostly occur?

A
  • They are growth promoters
  • Found at the apices of shoots and roots
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21
Q

What is the mode of action of auxins in plants?

A
  • When present in a plant cell, they promote movement of hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm to the cell wall
  • This makes the cell wall more acidic in nature as it gains a lower pH
  • The cell wall becomes loosened due to breaking of hydrogen bonds catalyzed by enzymes called expansins
  • There is osmotic uptake of water into the cell
  • There is increased turgor and the cell expands, leading to elongation
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22
Q

What are the effects of auxins?

A
  • Promotes growth in shoots
  • Inhibits growth in roots
  • Enforces dormancy of lateral buds
  • Promotes growth of adventitious roots and lateral roots
  • Inhibits leaf loss (abscission)
  • Promotes cell division (with cytokinins)
  • Increases ethene production
  • Promote parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization)
  • Selective weed killers
  • Promote tropic responses which enable the plants to respond to gravity and light
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23
Q

How do extremely high amounts of auxins inhibit growth in plants?

A

Stimulate the production of ethene which inhibits growth

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24
Q

Where are cytokinins mainly found?

A

Actively growing tissues eg roots, embryos and fruits

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25
Q

What are the effects of cytokinins?

A
  • Stimulate cell division (with auxins)
  • Delay leaf aging
  • Promote formation of buds
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26
Q

How do cytokinins show anti-aging effects to the plants?

A

Retard the aging of certain plant organs by inhibiting protein breakdown

(Dipping leaves in cytokinin solution stay green much longer)

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27
Q

Define apical dominance

A

The ability of the apical bud to suppress the development of axillary buds

28
Q

What is the effect of cutting off the apical bud of a plant?

A

Development of axillary buds and the plant becomes bushy

29
Q

Where are gibberellins synthesized?

A

Germinating seedlings

30
Q

What are the effects of gibberellins in plants?

A
  • Break seed dormancy
  • Fruit growth
  • Seed germination
  • Promote lateral branching
  • Stem elongation
  • Stimulates enzyme production during seed germination
  • Plays a role in cell division and tissue differentiation
31
Q

How do gibberellins support the growth of cereal seedlings?

A
  • Stimulate the synthesis of digestive enzymes such as alpha amylase that mobilize stored nutrients
32
Q

What is the effect of ethene on plants?

A
  • Promotes fruit ripening
  • Controls abscission (shedding)
33
Q

What is the effect of abscissic acid in plants?

A
  • Induces seed dormancy
  • Induces abscission
  • Stress responses especially due to water deficiency
  • Inhibits growth
  • Controls stomatal closings
34
Q

What is water stress?

A

Situation where a plant losses more water than it absorbs

35
Q

Define abscission

A

The organized shedding of part of the plant.

36
Q

Define synergism

A

Interaction of plant growth substances in which two or more substances supplement each other’s activities and their combined effect is much greater than the sum of their separate effects

37
Q

Give examples of synergy in plant growth substances

A
  • Gibberellins & auxins > Shoot growth
  • Cytokinins & auxins > Cell elongation
38
Q

Define antagonism

A

Interaction of plant growth substances in which two substances have opposite effects on the same process, one promoting and the other inhibiting

39
Q

Give examples of antagonism in plant growth substances

A
  • Cytokinins & auxins > Lateral/ axillary bud growth
  • Gibberellins & auxins > Lateral branching
  • Gibberellins & abscissic acid> Seed dormancy
40
Q

What are meristems?

A

Regions of growth of a plant

41
Q

What is vernalisation?

A

A process by which flowers are stimulated to flower after exposure to cold treatment

(It is a requirement for some plants to hasten flowering)

42
Q

Define photomorphogenesis

A

The effect of light upon the development of organisms

43
Q

What is an etiolated plant?

A

A plant grown in the dark or little light thus it lacks chlorophyll and appears white or pale yellow rather than green.

44
Q

What is the significance of etiolation?

A

Allow maximum growth in length with minimum use of carbon reserves

45
Q

True or false
Once an etiolated plant is exposed to light, it remains etiolated

A

False
(Normal growth ensues)

46
Q

What is a photoperiod?

A

The relative length of day and night

47
Q

Define photoperiodism

A

The response of an organism to changes in length of day or night

48
Q

Briefly explain the concept of flowering of short day plants and give examples of such

A

Short day plants generally flower when light periods are short

Examples; strawberries, chrysanthemums

49
Q

Briefly explain the concept of flowering of long day plants and give examples of such

A

Long day plants generally flower when days are longer and nights are shorter

Examples; lettuce, clover

50
Q

What is a long day plant?

A

A plant that will flower when light periods exceed the critical day length

51
Q

What is a short day plant?

A

A plant that flowers only if the period of darkness exceeds the critical length

52
Q

What are day-neutral plants?

A

These are plants whose flowering appears to be unaffected by the photoperiod

53
Q

True or false
If short day plants have their long night interrupted by flashes of light they do not flower

A

True
(Method used by some florists)

54
Q

What other name can be given to short day plants and long day plants respectively?

A

Short day plant= long night plant
Long day plant = short night plant

55
Q

What is phytochrome?

A

A pale blue light sensitive protein used for detecting the length of darkness in plants

56
Q

What are the two interconvertible forms of phytochrome?

A
  • Phytochrome red/ P660 (absorbs red light like in the day)
  • Phytochrome far red/ P730 (absorbs far red light like at night)
57
Q

What is the active form of phytochrome?

A

Phytochrome Far Red
(It determines the release of florigen)

58
Q

Describe the mechanism by which phytochrome is used

A
  • Synthesized in Pr form
  • Pr is converted to Pfr when exposed to red light; the conversion is rapid
  • Pfr is converted back to Pr when exposed to far red light or in darkness; the conversion is gradual
  • A build up of Pfr stimulates flowering in long day plants but inhibits flowering in short day plants
  • High Pfr in long day plants stimulates florigen secretion while high Pr in short day plants stimulates florigen secretion
59
Q

True or false
Pfr inhibits flowering in short day plants

A

True

60
Q

What are the differences between short day and long day plants?

A

LONG DAY PLANTS
- Flower when the photoperiod exceeds the critical day length
- Interruption during light period with darkness inhibits flowering
- Flowering occurs if the long dark period is interrupted by a flash of light
- Dark period is not crucial for flowering
- Flowering occurs under alternating cycles of short day followed by shorter dark periods

SHORT DAY PLANTS
- Flower when the photoperiod is less than the critical day length
- Interruption during light period with darkness does not inhibit flowering
- Flowering is inhibited if the long dark period is interrupted by a flash of light
- Long continuous and uninterrupted dark period is crucial for flowering
- Flowering does not occur under alternating cycles of short day followed by short light periods

61
Q

Define parthenocarpy

A

This refers to fruit formation in plants without fertilization taking place.

Results in seedless fruits

Occurs in plants like pineapples

62
Q

In what ways does growth in plants take place?

A
  • Cell division
  • Cell elongation (due to osmotic intake of water)
  • Cell differentiation (specialization of cells)
63
Q

What are the commercial roles of auxins / uses of auxins to a farmer?

A
  • Adventitious root formation for farmers who plant stem cuttings
  • Inhibiting abscission of plant parts such as fruits
  • Increases ethene production which stimulates ripening of fruits
  • Promote parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization taking place)
  • Selective weed killers of broad-leaved weeds
64
Q

Describe the mode of action of gibberellins in breaking seed dormancy and in seed germination

A
  • There is entry of water into the seed by imbibition.
  • Gibberellins are made by the embryo
  • They diffuse from the embryo to the Aleurone layer
  • This results in production of enzymes such as alpha amylase
  • The enzymes travel from the Aleurone layer to the endosperm where they catalyze the hydrolysis of complex food substances into simple ones. Eg starch to glucose, proteins to amino acids, lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
  • The products are taken to the embryo
  • Amino acids make up plant structures
  • Glucose is respired to form energy for growth of the plant
65
Q

What is seed dormancy?

A

This is the inability of a seed to germinate despite the necessary conditions being present.

66
Q

What are the commercial roles of gibberellins?

A
  • Break seed dormancy allowing plants to germinate
  • Fruit growth useful to fruit farmers
  • Seed germination increasing yields
  • Promote lateral branching increasing yields
67
Q

Which hormone does the same work as vernalization?

A

Gibberellins

(Both activate the seedling to germinate)

uace biology (20 decks)

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