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Anatomy Section 3 > 3.7a Microstructure of Trachea and Lungs > Flashcards

3.7a Microstructure of Trachea and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of respiratory systems:

A

-respiratory passages
-olfactory region
-gas-exchange region

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2
Q

Respiratory passages:

A

-nasal region to terminal bronchioles in the lungs

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3
Q

Olfactory region:

A

-associated with smell

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4
Q

Gas-exchange region:

A

-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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5
Q

Respiratory epithelium:

A

-more than half the nasal cavity
-thin pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
-high vascularity or propria-submucosa
-connective tissue

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6
Q

High vascularity of propria-submucosa: respiratory epithelium

A

-regulates temperature of the air going to the lungs

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7
Q

Connective tissue: respiratory epithelium

A

-numerous serous and mucous glands are dispersed
-continuous with underlying cartilage of nasal septum or turbinate bone

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8
Q

Cell types of the respiratory epithelium:

A

-basal
-ciliated
-secretory
-brush

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9
Q

Basal cells:

A

-small, polyhedral cells
-present along the basement membrane that can differentiate into other cell types when required

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10
Q

Ciliated cells:

A

-columnar cells with abundant motile cilia on apical border
-any condition leading to immotile cilia=respiratory infections

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11
Q

Secretory cells:

A

-mucous or serous type
-either tall with little secretory material OR goblet cells with abundant mucous accumulation

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12
Q

Secretions from secretory cells:

A

-humidify the air passing though the respiratory tract

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13
Q

Brush cells:

A

-contain many microvilli on their apical surface
-associated with nerve endings

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14
Q

Glottis:

A

-rostral: laryngeal vestibule
-caudal: infraglottic cavity

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15
Q

Trachea:

A

-musculo-cartilaginous tubular airway that connects larynx with bronchi

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16
Q

Parts of the trachea:

A

-tunica mucosa
-propria submucosa
-tunica muscularis
-tunica adventitia/serosa

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17
Q

Trachea species differences:

A

-location of trachealis muscle
>dog and cat: external to tracheal cartilages
>ruminants, pig and horse: inner aspect of cartilages

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18
Q

Tunica mucosa:

A

-lined by respiratory (pseudostratified columnar ciliated) epithelium with mucus secreting goblet cells
>basal, ciliated, secretory and brush cells
-Clara cells
-neuroendocrine cells

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19
Q

Clara cells: tunica mucosa of trachea

A

bronchiolar exocrine cells

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20
Q

Neuroendocrine cells: tunica mucosa of trachea

A

-pyramidal cells
-single or in groups
-responsible for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD cells)
-not visible with routine staining techniques

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21
Q

Propria submucosa: consists of loose connective tissue rich in

A

> elastic fibers
fibrocytes
plasma cells
mast cells
leucocytes
*also has seromucous glands (abundant in proximal trachea)

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22
Q

Secretion from seromucous glands of propria submucosa:

A

-covers the ciliary surface of the trachea

23
Q

Propria submucosa:

A

-tracheal wall supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that pen DORSALLY

24
Q

Tunica muscularis:

A

-smooth muscle that connects the open ends of the cartilages
Ex. trachealis muscle

25
Q

Tunica adventitia/serosa:

A

-loose connective tissue that is continuous with the connective tissue of the neck (tunica adventitia) or covered by mediastinal mesothelium in thorax (tunica serosa)

26
Q

Lungs:

A

-located in thoracic cavity
-subdivided into lobes
-visceral pleura (outer surface)
-bronchi and bronchioles
-lung parenchyma

27
Q

Visceral pleura: lungs

A

-composed of a layer of connective tissue lined with mesothelium

28
Q

Lung parenchyma:

A

*gas exchange area
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sac
-alveoli

29
Q

Intrapulmonary air passages:

A

-bronchi
-terminal bronchioles

30
Q

Secondary bronchus:

A

-extrapulmonary bronchus divides and enters in each lobe of the lungs
-similar in structure to trachea or extrapulmonary bronchus
*layers gradually become thinner

31
Q

Proximal to distal end of bronchus:

A

-epithelial height, number of mucous secreting cells and basal cells decrease
-Clara cells increase in number

32
Q

Lamina muscularis mucosa: bronchus

A

-consists of few layers of smooth muscle fibers that separate lamina propria from tunica submucosa

33
Q

Tunica submucosa: bronchus

A

-loose irregular connective tissue rich in seromucous glands
>number decreases distally
*presence of hyaline as small multiple plates or as broken pieces of big cartilage encircling
Lumen
>amount decreases distally

34
Q

Connective tissue of tunica submucosa: bronchus

A

-blends into connective tissue of tunica adventitia

35
Q

Bronchi branch repeatedly:

A

-finally give rise to terminal bronchioles

36
Q

Bronchioles:

A

-lack cartilaginous support
-lined by simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium
>ciliated cells and non-ciliated Clara cells

37
Q

Clara cells: terminal bronchioles

A

-cuboidal cells
-secretory in nature with abundant rER in basal region

38
Q

Functions of Clara cells:

A
  1. Produce surfactant
  2. Secrete enzymes for mucous breakdown
  3. Possesses sER containing cytochrome P450
  4. Help secrete IgA
  5. Have lysozymes to combat bacteria and viruses
39
Q

Cytochrome P450:

A

-metabolizes xenobiotic compounds

40
Q

Propria-submucosa: terminal bronchioles

A

-rich in elastic fibers and smooth muscle
-lacks any glands or cartilage

41
Q

Tunica muscularis: terminal bronchioles

A

-consists of layers of smooth muscle

42
Q

Tunica adventitia: terminal bronchioles

A

-loose connective tissue surrounding the tunica muscularis

43
Q

Gas exchange area of mammalian lung:

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiole
  2. Alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and atrium
  3. Alveoli
44
Q

Respiratory bronchiole:

A

-similar in structure to terminal bronchioles
>but has out-pockets that are continuous with alveoli
*joins multiple alveolar ducts

45
Q
A
46
Q

Respiratory bronchioles species differences:

A

-primates and carnivores: well developed
-horse: poorly developed
-ruminants and pig: rare
-mice: absent
*epithelium in carnivores consists of Clara cells only

47
Q

Gas exchange and blood-air barrier:

A

-average thickness=1.5 micrometers
-thinnest part consists of:
>type I alveolar cell
>fused basal lamina
>capillary endothelial cell

48
Q

Alveolar ducts:

A

-line with alveoli
-terminate in of alveoli called alveolar sac

49
Q

Atrium:

A

-common space where multiple alveolar sacs open

50
Q

Alveolus:

A

-functional unit for gas exchange in lung parenchyma
-open either into atrium, alveolar duct or directly into respiratory bronchiole

51
Q

Alveolar epithelium:

A

-consists of squamous (Type I) and cuboidal (Type II) cells

52
Q

Intralveolar pores:

A

-not in cattle
-in dog and cat
-‘in between’ alveoli

53
Q

Type I cells:

A

-cover most of the SA of the alveolar epithelium
-distinct basal lamina
-gas exchange occurs through these cells

54
Q

Type II cells:

A

-contain a central nucleus and foamy cytoplasm

Anatomy Section 3 (13 decks)

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