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Anatomy Section 3 > 3.6 Tracheobronchial Tree and Lungs > Flashcards

3.6 Tracheobronchial Tree and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum:

A

-‘median septum or partition’
-separates the pleural cavities
-not symmetrical: deflected to left
-cranial, middle, caudal portions
-strength of varies with species
-plica venae cavae

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2
Q

Not symmetrical mediastinum:

A

-due to cranial lobe of right lung cranially
-heart in middle mediastinum
-accessory lobe of right lung caudally

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3
Q

Plica venae cavae:

A

-extends ventrally from caudal vena cava between the diaphragm and pericardium
-defines recess into which accessory lobe of right lung fits

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4
Q

Development of respiratory apparatus:

A

-common origin of larynx, trachea and lungs
-ventral groove/outgrowth off foregut (pharynx)
-branching (5 to >12) continues after birth
*lobes named on basis of branching

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5
Q

Trachea:

A

-ventral midline from larynx to thoracic inlet (enters the mediastinum)
-esophagus dorsally (+/- to the left)
-sternocephalicus muscle ventrally

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6
Q

Trachea in thorax part:

A

-deflected slightly to right where it crosses the aortic arch
-ventrally to cranial vena cava, arteries arising from the aortic arch and various branches of the vessels
-dorsal to esophagus

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7
Q

Tracheal bifurcation:

A

-lies in region of the 4th to 6th intercostal spaces

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8
Q

Trachea characteristics:

A

-bends
-extends
-non-collapsible

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9
Q

Composition of trachea:

A

-inner mucosa
-fibrocartilaginous middle layer
-adventitia (neck) or serosa (thorax)

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10
Q

Inner mucosa:

A

-pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
-infraglottic part of the larynx
-unicellular and multicellular mucous glands
-produces a protective covering that is continuously moved to larynx by the epithelial cilia
-eventually reaches the pharynx and is swallowed

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11
Q

Excessive mucous:

A

-may irritate mucosa, stimulating coughing to clear the airway

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12
Q

Fibrocartilaginous middle layer

A

-cartilage ‘rings’ (incomplete dorsally)
-elastic connective tissue continuous with the perichondrium
-smooth tracheal muscle

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13
Q

Tracheal muscle:

A

-bridges the gap
-regulates the diameter

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14
Q

Tracheal muscle location:

A

-dog and cat: outside
-pig, ox, horse: inside

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15
Q

Trachea attached to diaphragm:

A

-indirectly by pulmonary ligaments and mediastinal connective tissue
*more effectively by negative intrapleural pressure
-these allow the necessary adjustments in length during extension of the neck or contraction of the diaphragm

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16
Q

Negative intrapleural pressure:

A

-couples the lungs and the diaphragm to the chest wall

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17
Q

Larger bronchi structure:

A

-similar to the trachea
*outer surface merge with peribronchial connective tissue
-cartilage rings are gradually replaced by irregular plagues
>disappear=transition into bronchioles

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18
Q

Variations in diameter of bronchi and bronchiloli:

A

-greater and more significant that the trachea

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19
Q

Trachea-bronchial tree: divisions

A

-principal/primary bronchi
-lobar bronchi
-segmental bronchi
-bronchioles
*units of respiration

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20
Q

Units of respiration:

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

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21
Q

What allows lungs to expand on inspiration and collapse on expiration?

A

-elasticity of connective tissue stroma
*loss of elasticity reduces respiratory efficiency (occurs naturally with aging)

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22
Q

Bronchus to bronchioles

A

-disappearance of last cartilage plate and sub-mucosal glands

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23
Q

Bronchioles last generation:

A

-loss of goblet cells
>replaced by non-ciliated epithelial cells (Clara cells)
»secrete surfactant and act as germinal cells for the bronchiolar epithelium

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24
Q

Trachea-bronchial tree: parenchyma

A

-bronchial tree
-alveoli

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25
Q

Trachea-bronchial tree: interstitium (stroma)

A

-elastic and cartilaginous tissue
-smooth muscle, vessels and nerves

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26
Q

Broncho-pulmonary segments or lobules=

A

-clumps of bronchiole and associated alveoli separated by +/- connective tissue

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27
Q

Site of respiration:

A

-lobules
-disappearance of cartilage
-increase in smooth muscle
-shift from tall columnar to cuboidal epithelium

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28
Q

Lungs in latin:

A

-pulmones

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29
Q

Lungs in Greek:

A

-pneumon

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30
Q

Size of lungs:

A

-determined by dimensions of the thorax and phase of respiration
-normally kept expanded by air pressure within respiratory tree
*right lung is always larger

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31
Q

Elastic recoil of the lungs:

A

-lead to collapse once air enters the pleural cavities
>following a trauma, surgery, or dissection

32
Q

Colour of lungs:

A

-fresh pink in many slaughterhouse species
-dark red in animals that were not bled
*patchy colouration from uneven distribution of blood
-gray: heavily polluated atmospheres

33
Q

Texture of lungs:

A

-soft, spongy
-residual air in them

34
Q

Float: from residual air

A

-has taken a breath
>first breath: serfactin allows them to expand
*if surface tension broken=collapsed
*if hasn’t breathed: solid and sink

35
Q

‘sides’ of the lungs:

A

-dorsal border
-apex
-ventral border
-basal border

36
Q

Ventral border:

A

-usually a notch between the 2 parts of the cranial lobe
*L. bigger=cardiac notch
-borders the costomediastinal recess

37
Q

Dorsal border:

A

-thick
-occupies the space between the vertebrae and ribs

38
Q

Basal border:

A

-borders the costodiaphragmatic recess

39
Q

What covers the lungs?

A

-serosal membrane
>visceral pleura
>pulmonary pleura

40
Q

Costal surface:

A

-against the costal pleura

41
Q

Diaphragmatic surface:

A

-in contact with the diaphragmatic pleura

42
Q

Mediastinal surface:

A

-many indentations
-large and deep cardiac impression: naturally larger on left lung

43
Q

Hilus of the lung: location

A

-dorsal to cardiac impression

44
Q

Hilus of lung formed by:

A

Bunching together of:
-principal (chief) bronchus
-pulmonary artery, veins, lymphatics and nerve

45
Q

Lung attachment:

A

-hilus and pulmonary ligament
*reflection of pulmonary pleura onto mediastinal pleura

46
Q

Pulmonary artery:

A

-no O2
-single, thick-walled vessel leaving the right ventricle
-follow bronchial divisions

47
Q

Pulmonary veins:

A

-O2
-follow bronchi less consistently
-lobar branches each enter left atrium or caudal vena cava

48
Q

Veinous drainage via:

A

-pulmonary vein
-azygous vein

49
Q

No artery-vein anastomoses:

A

-lung is an effective filter
-limits infections, but if something gets in, it will stay there
>abscesses and tumor metastases

50
Q

Lymph from lungs:

A

-drains to the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes

51
Q

Bronchial artery:

A

-division of the pulmonary artery
-supplies the bronchial and peribronchial tissue
-carry oxygenated blood to the lungs

52
Q

Equine lungs:

A

-smooth (faint) lobulation
-no fissures
-no tracheal bronchiole
-no tracheal ridge
*left cranial lobe is not divided
*no middle lobe in right lung

53
Q

Bovine lungs:

A

-3 lobulations
-fissures deep but not to hilus
-tracheal bronchus on right
-tracheal ridge
*right cranial lobe is divided

54
Q

Goat and sheep lungs:

A

-faint or no lobules
-medium fissures
-tracheal bronchus
-divided left and right cranial lobe

55
Q

Porcine lungs:

A

-2 lobulations
-fissures deep but not to hilus
-tracheal bronchus
-no tracheal ridge

56
Q

Carnivore lungs:

A

-smooth (faint) lobulation
-fissures to hilus
-no tracheal bronchiole
-no tracheal ridge

57
Q

Tracheal bronchus in:

A

-pigs
-ruminants
-camelids
*enters the cranial lobe of the R. lung

58
Q

Cranial and caudal lobes in left lung:

A

-left cranial divided in all but the horse

59
Q

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes in right lung:

A

-except horse has NO middle lobe

60
Q

Lobulation:

A

-indistinct in horses and small animals

61
Q

Deeper fissures:

A

-may allow parts to slip over each other more easily
>facilitate adaptation of lungs to changes in thoracic that occur in animals that have a bounding gallop

62
Q

Clinical implications:

A

-pneumonia
-COPD
-pneumo-, chylo, pyo-thorax
-heart disease

63
Q

Diagnostic limitations:

A

-auscultation
-percussion
-thoracocentesis
*more limited due to upper part of forelimb
>lower part of lung is too thin to provide useful info

64
Q

Useful landmarks:

A

-triangular zone of lung auscultation
-bifurcation of trachea

65
Q

Costodiaphragmatic line: bovine

A

-dorsal end of last rib
-crosses CCJ at 8th rib
-ventral end: 6th rib

66
Q

Costodiaphragmatic line: dog

A

-dorsally at last rib
-crosses at 9th CCJ

67
Q

Costodiaphragmatic line: horse

A

-dorsally at last rib
-crosses at 8-9th CCJ

68
Q

Basal border of lung: carnivore

A

-dorsal end of rib: 12
-middle of rib: 8
-CCJ: 6

69
Q

Basal border of lung: bovine

A

-dorsal end of rib: 11
-middle of rib: 8
-CCJ: 7

70
Q

Basal border of lung: equine

A

-dorsal end of rib: 16
-middle of rib: 11
-CCJ: 6

71
Q

Location of cardiac notch: dog

A

-left: 3-4
-right: 4-5 (site for cardiac puncture)

72
Q

Location of cardiac notch: ox

A

-left: 3-5 (site for cardiac puncture)
-right: 3-4 (wholly under cover of forelimb)

73
Q

Location of cardiac notch:

A

-left: 3-6 (site for cardia puncture)
-right: 3-4

74
Q

COPD in horses:

A

-‘equine asthma’
-most common non-infectious lung disease
-triggered from fungal spores, bacterial endotoxins, inorganic dust material and storage mites

75
Q

COPD ‘signs’:

A

-increased mucous production
-difficulty breathing during exercise and sometimes at rest
-cough
-nasal discharge

76
Q

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in sheep:

A

-unknown cause (lentivirus)
-cough, progressive dyspnea and crackles
>weight loss and increasing respiratory distress
-use corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs

Anatomy Section 3 (13 decks)

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