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Anatomy Section 3 > 3.4 Anatomy of Respiration > Flashcards

3.4 Anatomy of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Pleural and pericardial cavities:

A

-coelom divided into L and R by dorsal and ventral mesocardium (future mediastinum)
-pleuro-pericardial folds (mesoderm) separate lungs (pleural cavity dorsally)
-L and R pleural cavities extend around pericardial sac

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2
Q

Initially heart occupies:

A

-embryonic coelom
-when the embryo curves it ends up in the thoracic region
>carries the mesothelium with it
>now covered by a pericardium

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3
Q

When lungs develop:

A

-they come dorsally and take up a fold of mesothelium
-end up separating the pericardium
-so now has 2 layers of mesothelium
-2 separate pleural cavities

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4
Q

Muscles of the thoracic wall:

A

-scalenus
-serratus ventralis (extrinsic)
-serratus dorsalis
-intercostals
-rectus thoracis
-transversus thoracis (inside thoracic cage)

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5
Q

Vascular supply to thoracic wall:

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Brachiocephalic trunk and L. subclavian (dog and pig)
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6
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk:

A
  1. R. subclavian
  2. L+R common carotid
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7
Q

L. subclavian:

A
  1. vertebral
  2. costocervical trunk
  3. . internal thoracic
  4. superficial cervical
  5. axillary
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8
Q

Subclavian artery

A

-supplies blood to forelimb and structures of neck and cervicothoracic junction
-4 branches

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9
Q

4 branches of subclavian:

A
  1. Vertebral artery
  2. Costocervical trunk
  3. Internal thoracic artery
  4. Superficial cervical artery
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10
Q

Vertebral artery:

A

-runs craniodorsally
-dives between scalenus and longus colli muscles
>passes through successive transverse foramen of 6th to 1st cervical vertebrae

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11
Q

Costocervical trunk:

A

-first few dorsal intercostal arteries
-deep cervical artery

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12
Q

Internal thoracic artery:

A

-curves ventrally within the mediastinum to pass between transversus thoracic and the sternum
-follows sternum and tunnels below diaphragm

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13
Q

Superficial cervical artery:

A

-opposite origin of internal thoracic
-supplies muscles of ventral part of neck, cranial part of shoulder and upper arm

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14
Q

Dorsal intercostal artery:

A

-runs along caudal aspect of each rib on the inside of the thoracic wall
>gives off branches to get blood to external intercoastal muscles and skin
-meets up with ventral intercoastal branch and then internal thoracic artery and then go up to the capillaries

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15
Q

Nerve supply:

A

-spinal nerve comes out behind each thoracic vertebrae
>number from the vertebrae it arises from
*thoracic nerve
>dorsal and ventral branch

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16
Q

Diaphragm

A

-separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-dome-shaped
>convex in all directions on cranial surface
>bulges cranially under cover of ribs to enlarge the abdomen

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17
Q

Diaphragm consists of:

A

-heart-shaped central tendon (“trefoil” shape)
-peripheral muscles
>2 crura from L1-L3 (right larger than left)
>costa
>sternum

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18
Q

3 openings of diaphragm:

A

-aortic hiatus
-esophageall hiatus
-caval foramen

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19
Q

Diaphragm develops from:

A

-septum transversum (ventrally) and pleuro-peritoneal folds (dorsally)

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20
Q

Central tendon:

A

-most cranial part: forms the vertex
-neutral position: level of the lower part of the 6th rib (only a little behind the plane of the olecranon)

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21
Q

Lumbar portion of peripheral muscle: diaphragm

A

-left and right crura
>arise from ventral aspects of the first 3-4 lumbar vertebrae by means of STOUT TENDONS

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22
Q

Right crus:

A

-considerably larger
-divides into 3 branches that radiate ventrally to join the central tendon

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23
Q

Left crus:

A

-undivided

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24
Q

Diaphragm arises by:

A

-right and left crura from the first few lumbar vertebrae
-attaches to the medial surfaces of the ribs close to the coastal arches and to the sternum

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25
Q

Strong curvature of diaphragm:

A

-most cranial point is at the 6th to 7th rib =triangular tendinous centre
>transmits the caudal vena cava slightly right of the median plane

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26
Q

Diaphragm openings for the aorta and esophagus:

A

-in the fleshy lumbar part
-aorta opening is opposite the upper palpable part of the 10th rib

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27
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia:

A

-entry of abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity
>occurs when diaphragm is torn by a sudden increase in abdominal pressure (ex. car accident)

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28
Q

Epaxial muscles:

A

-provide a thick covering to the thoracic vertebrae and dorsal parts of the ribs

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29
Q

Triceps:

A

-occupy the angle between the scapula and the humerus
>hard to distinguish the caudal border

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30
Q

Medial to triceps and behind the limb, lateral parts of ribs are covered by:

A

-serratus ventralis
-latissimus dorsi
-scalenus
-external abdominal obliques

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31
Q

Thorax of young dogs and cats, yields to external pressure:

A

-protects against major damage during traffic accidents
-costochondral joints of certain rib pairs can be brought together by manual compression cranial to heart

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32
Q

Dogs: ribs

A

-usually have 13 rib pairs (9 which are sternal)
>asymmetry of number and presence of 12 or 14 pairs is occasionally found
-relatively narrow, causing wide intercoastal spaces=advantage in thoracic surgery

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33
Q

Dog: slope of ribs

A

-first 3-4 are almost vertical
-rest are sloped increasingly caudoventrally

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34
Q

Coastal cartilages:

A

-first continue with the ribs
-bend forward almost at right angles = rib knees

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35
Q

Cartilages of the sternal ribs:

A

-from synovial articulations with the sternum
>allows expansion of the thorax when the ribs are carried cranially in the ‘bucket-handle’ movement

36
Q

Cartilages of the 4 asternal ribs:

A

-join to form the coast arch
>easily palpated
>near the vicinity of the xyphoid cartilage

37
Q

Slender, cylindrical sternebrae:

A

-slightly thickened at their extremities where the coastal cartilages attach
-thin layer of compact bone encloses the spongy interior of the sternebrae
>makes them ideal for bone marrow biopsy (superficial positions as well)

38
Q

Principle intercoastal vessels and nerves:

A

-run caudomedially to the ribs
>under the endothoracic fascia

39
Q

Additional vessels from internal thoracic trunks:

A

-follow the cranial borders of the ribs in the ventral parts of spaces

40
Q

Boundary between scalenus and external abdominal oblique muscles:

A

-fifth intercoastal space

41
Q

Ventilation at rest vs. increased respiratory demand:

A

-at rest: diaphragm
-increased demand: other muscles are engaged

42
Q

Inspiration muscles:

A

-external intercostal
-scalenus
-serratus ventralis and dorsalis (cranial)

43
Q

Fluid collection:

A

-ventral third of 4th to 7th intercoastal spaces

44
Q

Pneumothorax: aspirate air

A

-air may be aspirated at the dorsal part of the 7th or 8th space of dogs
>8th space is optimal for cats

45
Q

3 layers of intercoastal muscles:

A

-external
-internal
-transversus thoracis

45
Q

External intercostals:

A

-run caudoventrally
-upper ends to the costochondral junctions

45
Q

Internal intercostals:

A

-run cranioventrally
-don’t occupy the most dorsal parts, but do reach the margin of the sternum

45
Q

Muscles on lateral surface of the thoracic wall:

A

-rectus thoracis
-serratus dorsalis

46
Q

Rectus thoracis:

A

-over the lower ends of the first four ribs
>apparent continuation of rectus abdominus

47
Q

Serratus dorsalis:

A

-lives over the dorsal parts of the ribs
-O: fascia of the back
-I: ribs by series of slips

48
Q

Scalenus:

A

-attachment to the first rib
>some species it also passes extensively over the rib cage

49
Q

Construction of diaphragm:

A

-compromise between locomotion and respiration

50
Q

2 modes of diaphragm:

A

-diaphragmatic
-costal

51
Q

Diaphragmatic mode:

A

-accounts for 70% of air flow
-contraction and flattening of diaphragm
-caudal displacement of abdominal viscera
-intra-thoracic pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

52
Q

Costal mode:

A

-muscle involvement controversial
-ribs move like a ‘bucket handle’
-muscle contraction widens and shortens rib cage

53
Q

Expiration:

A

-passive recoil of lungs
-abdominal muscles
-internal intercoastals (dorsally)
-transversus thoracis

54
Q

Innervation of diaphragm:

A

-phrenic nerves (C5-C7)
>voluntary somatic

55
Q

Effect of denervation of diaphragm?

A

-little to obvious loss of respiratory efficiency even under moderate stress

56
Q

Pleura: dorsal

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Visceral
    *lines the corresponding ‘half’ of the thoracic cavity
    -2 of them: each a closed invaginated sac
57
Q

Space between left and right pleura sacs of the lungs:

A

-forms the mediastinum
>’median’ partition in the thorax
-heart and other thoracic organs are situated

58
Q

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura:

A

-clothes the lungs directly
-reflected around and behind the root of the lung
>becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura

59
Q

Parietal pleura:

A

-mediastinal pleura
-costal pleura
-diaphragmatic pleura

60
Q

Pleural cavity in a healthy animal

A

-potential rather than an actual space
-contains a small amount of serous fluid

61
Q

Serous membrane:

A

-lines body cavities
-flat mesothelial cells with underlying CT
-serous fluid
>facilitates smooth movement

62
Q

Pressure within pleural cavity:

A

-(-5cm H2O)
-difference between the forces that tend to recoil the lung and those that tend to expend the chest
*not uniform throughout (dorso-ventral gradient)

63
Q

Variations in intrapleural pressure:

A

-account for regional differences in expansion and aeration of the lungs

64
Q

Negative pressure of the lungs:

A

-explains why surgical or traumatic opening in the chest wall causes an inrush of air into the pleural cavity
>collapsing the lung =PNEUMOTHORAX

65
Q

Pleural sac:

A

-more extensive than the lung
-some spaces, the parietal pleura is directly applied to each other
>*costodiaphragmatic recess

66
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess:

A

-caudal to basal border of the lung
-peripheral part of diaphragmatic pleura rests against the costal pleura lining the chest wall
-extent varies with respiration

67
Q

Costomediastinal recess:

A

-smaller
-present ventral to the lung

68
Q

Cupula pleurae:

A

-cranially
-costal and mediastinal portions of pleura come together to form a DOME
-extend in front of the first rib (vulnerable to injury)

69
Q

Mediastinum pleura:

A

-not symmetrical
>caudal: deflected to the left by the greater size of the base of the right lung

70
Q

Plica venae cavae:

A

-special fold of the pleura of the right sac
-extends between the diaphragm and pericardium
-carries the caudal vena cava in its free dorsal border
*triangular partition helps define a recess for the accessory lobe of the right lung to fit in

71
Q

Thickness and strength of mediastinum:

A

-species specific

72
Q

Ruminants: mediastinum strength

A

-thick
-can withstand a considerable pressure difference between two pleural cavities
>potentially tolerate collapse of one lung

73
Q

Dog, cat, horse: mediastinum strength

A

-very delicate
-ruptures readily

74
Q

Horse: mediastinum

A

-numerous small openings that place the R and L pleural cavities in communication

75
Q

Line of pleural reflection:

A

-costodiaphragmatic line
-cranial to costal arch
-junction between costal and diaphragmatic pleura
*defines the caudal extent of the pleural cavity

76
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection example

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib):
-CCJ: costochondral junction
-ventral end

77
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection: feline

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib): 13
-CCJ: 11
-ventral end: 9

78
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection: canine

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib): 13
-CCJ: 9-11
-ventral end: 8

79
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection: equine

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib): 17-18
-CCJ: 8
-ventral end: 6

80
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection: ruminants

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib): 13
-CCJ: 8
-ventral end: 6

81
Q

Location of line of pleural reflection: porcupine (pig)

A

-dorsal end (around the last rib): 13-14
-CCJ: 8
-ventral end: 5

82
Q

Triangular zone of auscultation:

A

-olecranon to caudal angle of scapula
-back towards tuber coxae (only as far as 2nd last rib)
*hard to hear anything cranial of this line due to musculature

Anatomy Section 3 (13 decks)

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