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BGM1002-Biochemistry > BGM1002/L26 Control of Glucose & Glycogen Metabolism > Flashcards

BGM1002/L26 Control of Glucose & Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to glycogen metabolism in muscles during exercise?

A

Increased glycolysis
Increased glucose uptake
Increased glycogen breakdown
Decreased glycogen synthesis

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2
Q

What happens to glycogen metabolism in muscles at rest?

A

Decreased glycolysis
Decreased glucose uptake
Decreased glycogen breakdown
Increased glycogen synthesis

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3
Q

What happens to glycogen metabolism in the liver after a meal?

A

Decreased glucose release
Decreased glycogen breakdown
Increased glycogen synthesis

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4
Q

What happens to glycogen metabolism in the liver during fasting/exercise?

A

Increased glucose release
Increased glycogen breakdown
Decreased glycogen synthesis

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5
Q

What 3 key hormones regulate glycogen metabolism?

A

Epinephrine
Glucagon
Insulin

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6
Q

Where is epinephrine released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Where are glucagon and insulin released from?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

What mechanism does epinephrine act through to affect glycogen metabolism?

A

G-protein linked receptors

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9
Q

What cascade of events does epinephrine cause in glycogen metabolism?

A

cAMP-dependent phosphorylation cascade

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10
Q

Where does epinephrine act to affect glycogen metabolism?

A

Muscle and liver

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11
Q

What hormone is secreted by beta cells?

A

Insulin

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12
Q

What hormone is released by alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

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13
Q

What other kinds of cells does the pancreas contain?

A

Delta cells (somatostatin), PP cells and others

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14
Q

Why is the pancreas highly vascularised?

A

For glucose sensing and high O2/nutrient demand

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15
Q

What percentage by mass of the pancreas are islet cells?
What percentage blood flow of the pancreas do they require?

A

1-2% mass
10-15% blood supply

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16
Q

What tissue does glucagon act on?

A

Liver

17
Q

What tissues does insulin act on?

A

Liver and muscle cells
Adipose tissue

18
Q

Name 2 key enzymes in control of glycogen metabolism.

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen synthase

19
Q

How is glycogen phosphorylase activated?

A

Phosphorylation

20
Q

How is glycogen synthase activated?

A

Removal of phosphate group

21
Q

Which 2 key hormones in glycogen metabolism act via G-protein linked receptor?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

22
Q

By what mechanism does insulin work?

A

Via a receptor tyrosine kinase

23
Q

How many isoforms of GLUT transporters exist?

A

16

24
Q

Where are GLUT1 and GLUT3 found?

A

All mammalian tissues

25
Q

Where are GLUT2 found?

A

Liver and pancreatic beta-cells

26
Q

What is the Km of GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporters?

A

1mM

27
Q

What is the Km of GLUT2 transporters?

A

15-20mM

28
Q

What is the role of GLUT2 transporters in (a) the liver and (b) in the pancreas?

A

(a) removes excess glucose from blood
(b) regulation of insulin

29
Q

When blood glucose is high, how do GLUT2 transporters mediate insulin secretion? (5)

A

Glucose enters cell
Glycolysis occurs
Ca2+ activated
Ca2+ enter cell
Insulin secreted

30
Q

How does insulin affect transport of GLUT4 transporters?

A

Insulin stimulates transport of GLUT4 to plasma membrane in muscle and adipose cells

31
Q

What is the Km of GLUT4 transporters?

A

5mM

32
Q

How can number of insulin receptors be increased in muscle?

A

Endurance training

33
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Absolute insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction

34
Q

How is type 1 diabetes mellitus treated?

A

Exogenous insulin injection, pancreas/islet transplant

35
Q

Give 2 potential future treatments for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A

Xenotransplantation, iPS/ePS stem cells, immunomodulation

36
Q

Name the 2 stages that type 2 diabetes WAS considered to have.

A

1 - hypeinsulinemia/beta cell compensation/peripheral insulin resistance
2 - insulin deficiency caused by beta-cell death

37
Q

Give the revised progression of type 2 diabetes.

A

1 - no change
2 - beta-cell ‘hideaway’ to avoid cell death

38
Q

What occurs during hyperglycaemia to cause polydipsia?

A

Glucose enters renal filtrate
Glucose reabsorption saturated
Water follows by osmosis
Large volume of urine

BGM1002-Biochemistry (29 decks)

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