Tectonics 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are tectonic hazards?

A

Threats caused by movement of tectonic plates

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2
Q

Where do earthquakes occur?

A

Edges of tectonic Plates
Intraplate regions

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3
Q

Earthquakes found in intraplate regions may be built up by what?

A

Stress (built up)

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4
Q

In Intraplate regions, earthquakes may be related to stress built up by?

A

Continental Rifting;
Stress transfer (from other regions)

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5
Q

Most active volcanoes occur near to?

A

Plate boundaries;

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6
Q

What percentage of volcanoes occur around the ‘Ring of Fire’?

A

About 75%;

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7
Q

Where is the ‘Ring of Fire’ located?

A

Pacific Ocean;

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8
Q

What type of plate boundaries do volcanoes occur at?

A

Convergent; Divergent

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9
Q

Volcanoes can be found at hotspots in the middle of plates.
Name an example.

A

Hawaii; Central Pacific

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10
Q

What percentage of tsunamis occur around the Pacific Ocean?

A

Over 70%

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11
Q

What percentage of Tsunamis occur around the Mediterranean Sea?

A

15%

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12
Q

How many Tsunamis occur around the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean?

A

9%

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13
Q

How many Tsunamis occur around the Indian Ocean?

A

6%

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14
Q

What are tsunamis caused by?

A

Tectonic Activity

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15
Q

Which type of plate boundary causes the most tsunamis to occur due to their activity?

A

Convergent boundaries;

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16
Q

Three main types of plate boundary?

A

Convergent;
Divergent;
Conservative;

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17
Q

What are the three main earthquake belts?

A

Pacific;
Mid- Atlantic;
Alphide;

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18
Q

Some earthquakes occur away from active plate boundaries- for example old plate boundaries or faults - where weaknesses are; How often are these, relativity?

A

Rare and low intensity;

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19
Q

How many active volcanoes are in the world?

A

500

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20
Q

How many volcanoes erupt each year?

A

50;

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21
Q

There is little scientific data around what type of volcanoes?

A

Submarine;

22
Q

The most explosive volcanoes are produced from what type of plate boundary?

A

Convergent;

23
Q

What dissolved gases do convergent volcanoes’ magma have high levels of?

A

Silicon; Oxygen

24
Q

What do silica rich plates produce?

A

Silica rich magmas;

25
Q

Where do silica rich magmas come from?

A

Melted continental crusts;

26
Q

What do earthquakes at divergent boundaries tend to be?

A

Shallow; Low Magnitude;

27
Q

What do volcanic eruptions tend to be at divergent boundaries?

A

Small; Effusive

28
Q

What does effusive mean?

A

Basaltic magma; Becomes lava; Solidifies

29
Q

What type of lava are usually of volcanic eruptions at divergent boundaries?

A

Basaltic lava;

30
Q

Is there high or low gas content at divergent volcanic eruptions?

A

Low gas content

31
Q

Does basaltic lava have high or low viscosity?

A

High Viscosity;

32
Q

Is basaltic lava high or low temperature?

A

Higher temperature;

33
Q

What zone do friction and pressure build up at convergent boundaries to cause strong earthquakes?

A

Benioff Zone

34
Q

What do volcanic eruptions tend to be at convergent boundaries?

A

Volatile

35
Q

Why do volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries tend to be more volatile?

A

Magma;Forcing; Surface; Pressure

36
Q

Do volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries have high or low gas content?

A

High gas content;

37
Q

Do volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries have high or low viscosity?

A

Low viscosity;

38
Q

Are volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries higher or lower temperature?

A

Lower temperature;

39
Q

What type of lava do volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries tend to have?

A

Rhyolite lava;

40
Q

What do plates do at conservative boundaries to cause a significant amount of pressure?

A

Stick;

41
Q

What does the sticking of plates at conservative boundaries create?

A

Pressure; Powerful Earthquakes;

42
Q

Intra-plate volcanism is also known as what?

A

Hotspot volcanism;

43
Q

Where do Hotspots occur?

A

Away from plate boundaries;

44
Q

What is the name of the stationary columns of rising magma in the asthenosphere, where hotspots occur?

A

Mantle Plumes

45
Q

What are stationery mantle plumes?

A

Columns of rising magma;

46
Q

Where do hotspots occur over?

A

Stationary magma plumes;

47
Q

What moves over the stationary mantle plume?

A

Tectonic plate;

48
Q

What does the tectonic plate moving over the stationary mantle plumes cause?

A

Island Arcs (Hawaii)

49
Q

Which is the oldest island in island arcs formed at hotspots?

A

Island furthest away from the plume;

50
Q

What type of boundary is Iceland at?

A

Divergent;

51
Q

How wide is the mantle plume Iceland is located on?

A

30-50km

52
Q

In Iceland’s 2010 eruption, what grounded planes over a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere?

A

Volcanic dust;