Tectonic 1.8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does prediction mean?

A

Knowing when are where a natural hazard will strike;

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2
Q

What scale is knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike based on?

A

Spatial and Temporal;

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3
Q

How can knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike be acted on?

A

Meaningfully in terms of evacuation;

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4
Q

How precise is forecasting in relation to prediction?

A

Less precise;

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5
Q

What does forecasting provide?

A

Percentage change of a hazard occurring;

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6
Q

Name an example of forecasting;

A

25% of a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurring in the next 20 years;

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7
Q

Can earthquakes be predicted?

A

No;

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8
Q

What areas can be identified (risk forecasting) for earthquakes?

A

High risk areas;

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9
Q

What is considered a high risk area for earthquakes?

A

Severe ground shaking;
Liquefaction;

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10
Q

What can risk forecasting be used for?

A

Land-use zoning;

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11
Q

Areas that have not experienced an earthquake for some time and are ‘overdue’ can point to areas of high risk are known as?

A

Seismic gaps;

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12
Q

Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What does volcanic monitoring equipment mesure?

A

Changes in magma in chamber;

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14
Q

What record volcanoes ‘bulging’ as magma rises?

A

Tiltmeters and strain meters;

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15
Q

What records minor earthquakes indicating magma movement?

A

Seismometers;

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16
Q

What equipment analyses gas emissions which can point to increased eruption likelihood.?

A

Gas spectrometers;

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17
Q

What can the minimal death toll from volcanic eruptions (despite 60-80 eruptions per year) be mainly attributed to ?

A

Vastly improved prediction of these events;

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18
Q

Can Tsunamis be predicted?

A

Partly;

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19
Q

Can an earthquake induced tsunami be predicted?

A

No;

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20
Q

What can tell an earthquake has occurred and locate it?

A

Seismometers;

21
Q

What can ocean monitoring equipment detect?

A

Tsunami is the open sea;

22
Q

Information about tsunamis in the open sea can be relayed to who?

A

Coastal areas;

23
Q

What can happen to coastal areas warned of a tsunami?

A

Evacuation;

24
Q

Why is it that in many developing countries, volcano monitoring and tsunami warning may not be as good as they could be?

A

Cost of technology;

25
Q

What type of areas is it more difficult to reach with effective warnings?

A

Isolated, rural locations;

26
Q

What does The Hazard Management Cycle illustrate?

A

Different stages of managing hazards

27
Q

By illustrating the different stages of managing hazards, what does The Hazard Management Cycle attempt to reduce?

A

Scale of a disaster;

28
Q

What does The Hazard Management Cycle being a cycle mean for one disaster event informing?

A

Preparation for the next:

29
Q

What is onset?

A

Natural Hazard occurs;

30
Q

What is response?

A

Immediate help;

31
Q

Give five examples of immediate help (response).

A

Rescue;
Aid;
Emergency Shelter;
Food;
Water;

32
Q

What is Recovery?

A

​Rebuilding infrastructure / services;
Rehabilitating injured (metal/physical);

33
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster;

34
Q

What two ways can the next disaster be mitigated?

A

Land-use zoning;
Hazard-resistant buildings/infrastructure

35
Q

What is preparedness?

A

Community education/resilience building;

36
Q

What does preparedness include?

A

Prediction; Warning; Evacuation Technology; Behaviour Systems;

37
Q

Name the five stages of The Hazard Management Cycle.

A
  1. Onset
  2. Response
  3. Recovery
  4. Mitigation
  5. Preparedness
38
Q

How long could the recovery period take?

A

Few months, up to years

39
Q

What does the recovery period depend upon?

A

Magnitude; Development; Governance; External Help

40
Q

What does a larger magnitude mean for the recovery period?

A

Longer;

41
Q

What does a lower development level mean for the recovery period?

A

Longer;

42
Q

What does an well governed delegated resources mean for the recovery period?

A

Shorter/more effective;

43
Q

What does external help mean for the recovery period?

A

Aid and financing helps the recovery effort;

44
Q

What is the disaster response curve also known as?

A

Park’s Model

45
Q

What does Park’s disaster response curve provide?

A

A simple visual illustration of impacts of a disaster;

46
Q

What is on the y axis of the Park’s Model?

A

Quality of life;

47
Q

What is on the x axis of the Park’s Model?

A

Time;

48
Q

Name the four vertical separations of the Park’s Model.

A

Preparation;
Response;
Reconstruction;
Mitigation;

49
Q

What makes the hazard response curve dip at the beginning on the vertical separation of preparedness and response ?

A

Hazard Event Onset;