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child devel. > Chapter 5 - Physical Devel. in Infants and Toddlers > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Physical Devel. in Infants and Toddlers Flashcards

1
Q

what is locomotion

A

moving about in the wordl

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2
Q

what is the babinski reflex and its significance

A

babys toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe
-unknown

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3
Q

desrcibe palmer reflex and its significance

A

baby grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand
-precursor to voluntary grasping

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4
Q

describe rooting reflex and its significance

A

when babys cheek is stroked it turns its head toward the stroking an dopens its mouth
-helps baby find nipple

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5
Q

describe the sucking reflex

A

baby sucks when an objecy is placed in its mouth
-permits feeding

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6
Q

describe the stepping reflex and its signiicane

A

baby who is held upright by an adult is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically
-precursor to voluntary walking

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7
Q

what are 5 reflexes babies are born with

A

-babinski
-palmer
-rooting
-sucking
-stepping

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8
Q

infants who do not show the withdrawal refelx have damage to what

A

sciatic nerve

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9
Q

infants who do not show the babinski reflex have damage to what

A

lower part of the spin

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10
Q

on average when can babies sit upright with support

A

4 months

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11
Q

on average when can babies sit without support

A

7 monthso

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12
Q

on average when can babies stand if they hold on to an object for support

A

9 months

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13
Q

a typical baby can stand alone briefly and walk with assistance when

A

14 months

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14
Q

when can most children climb steps

A

24 months

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15
Q

when can most children walk backward

A

24 monthshen

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16
Q

when can most children kick a ball

A

24 months

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17
Q

what is each motor skill mile stone of a baby from born to 15 months

A

-0: fetal position
-1:chin up
-2: chest up
3:reach and miss
4: sit with support
5; sit on lap, grasp object
6; sit on high chair, grasp dangling object
7; sit alone
8; stand with helo
9; stand holding furniture
10; creep
11; walk when led
12; pull to stand by furniture
13; climb stair steps
14’ stand alone
15; walk alone

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18
Q

15 min of massafe for babies per day can results in improvement in what

A

cognitive and motor development of healthy full term babies

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19
Q

in a study, they found what in relation to motor devel. in infants who live in moderate and extreme climates

A

moderate : had an effect
extreme: no effect

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20
Q

what is the dynamic systems theroy

A

upholds that motor development involves many distinct skills, organized and reorfanzied over time to meet demands of specific tasks

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21
Q

what effect did baby walkers have on children and why

A

many sustained serious head injuries from falling down staircases or moving within reach of dangerous obkects
-gave them limitied cognitive and motor skills

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22
Q

what country was the first to enact a ban on infant walkers

A

canada

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23
Q

why is the ability to maintain an upright posture impossible for newborns and young infants

A

shape of body
-cephalocaudal growth (top heavy)

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24
Q

by a few months after birth, infants begin to use what for posture

A

visual vues and an inner ear mechanism to adjust their posture

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25
Q

how did researchers show use of visual cues for balance in babies

A

babies sit in a room with striped walls that looked like it was moving
-whne adults were in this room, perceive themselves moving and not the walls so they adjust posture accordingly
-infants do the same

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26
Q

how do researchers know that 4 month olds use cues from inner ear to maintain balance

A

when sitting and lose their balance, try to keep head upright
-even when blindfolded

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27
Q

when do children start to step spontaneously and why

A

10 months
-they have to be able to stand

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28
Q

what study did thelen and ulrich conduct to see if babies can step if they are held upright

A

infants placed on treadmill and held upright by an adult
-when started to move infants would either
-let both legs be dragged backwards
or
-move legs forward in a hopping motion

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29
Q

what do infants use to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking

A

perceptual clues

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30
Q

mastery of intricate motions required what 2 things and desrcibe

A

differentiation
-mastery of component skills
integration
-combining those component skills in proper sequence working as a whole

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31
Q

at what age have children mastered the component skills os that they can be integrated into independent walking

A

12 to 15 months

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32
Q

researchers at the university of manitoba have found that over time, childrens ability to integrate behaviours into apporpriate motor movements depends in part on what

A

knowing when to inhibit movements that are not appropriate

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33
Q

to progress beyond walking to running, what must children learn

A

to propel themselves into thin air and maintain balance as they land

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34
Q

at what age do most infants use their thumbs to hold objects

A

7 or 8 months

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35
Q

at roughly what age can infants coordinate the motions of their hands os that each hand performs different actions that serve a common goal

A

5 or 6 motnhs

36
Q

the progress we observe in gross mototr and fine motor skills is due to what

A

combination of maturation (genetics) and experience

37
Q

in Hopi culture, babies are secured to scradeboards for most of thie 1st year of life, when do they begin to walk

A

15 months
-same as other cultures

38
Q

the timing of an infants first steps is determined more by what

A

underlying genetic timetable than by specific experience or practice

39
Q

when infants practise crawling on steep slopes, is there a transfer of skills to walking on sttep slopes and why

A

no
-motions are different

40
Q

why do some infants from african countries begin to walk months earlier than north american ones

A

they are given daily practice walking under the tutelage of a parent or sibling
-also commnonly carried in piggyback style - develops muscles in infants trunk and legs

41
Q

what do babies prefer, novel or familiar stimuli

A

novel

42
Q

how do researchers use novel and familiar stimuli to see if babies can distinguish between 2 stimuli

A

prefer novel
-repeat one stimuli (low pitched tone) until barely responds
-present second stimuli (higher pitched tone)
-if baby reacts, can distinguish between the 2

43
Q

what are a newborns smell like

A

very good

44
Q

what type of smells are babies good at recognizing

A

familiar

45
Q

preterm infants who are exposed to smell of their mothers milk for 2 minutes prior to breastfeeding were found to what

A

feed longer and tended to have shorter hopsital stays in compirason to those who were nmto exposed

46
Q

what are newborns sense of taste like

A

highly developed

47
Q

infants will nurse more after their mother has consumed what

A

a sweet tasting substance

48
Q

in preterm infants, what are the 2 mose sensitive indicators of pain perception

A

facial expression and heart rate

49
Q

when can a baby start to hear

A

7 or 8 months gestation

50
Q

what is auditory threshold

A

quietest sound that a person can hear

51
Q

infants best hear what type of sound

A

pitches in the range of human speech
-neither very high or low

52
Q

when can infants recognixe their own names

A

4 and half months

53
Q

how did they find that infants also use sound to locate objects

A

in dark shook a rattle at 2 different distances
-would reach for it in the right direction when it was close
-but didnt reach fi it sounded too far

54
Q

around when does a child reach their full auditory capacity

A

30 months

55
Q

what is visual acuity

A

smallest pattern that can be distinguised dependably

56
Q

what ais premises about an infants visual acuity

A

-most will look at patterned stimuli instead of plain

57
Q

how can we test an infants visual acuity

A

with one gray sqaure and one square of lines with equal spaces
-put lines gradually closer
-once baby looks at both sqaures equally indicates no longer abel to distinguish between the patterns

58
Q

when is an infants visual acuity essentially same as normal adults

A

by first birthday

59
Q

when can infants see full range of colours with how many cones

A

3 motnhs
-3 diff types of cones

60
Q

all the perceptual constancies of an infant are mastered by what age

A

4 months

61
Q

what is the visual cliff

A

glass covered platform used for measuring infant depth perception

62
Q

can babies percieve depth by the time they can crawl

A

yes

63
Q

in the visual cliff study, what happens to 1 and half month olds and what does this show

A

heart rate decelerates
-when people notice something interesting this happnes, suggesting they notch the deep side is different

64
Q

in the visual cliff study, what happens to 7 month olds and what does this show

A

heart rate accelerates
-sign of fear
-only older, crawling babies are afraid of the deep side

65
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

differences in psosition on the left and right reitnas for objects perceived to be nearby

66
Q

when do infants use retinal disparity as a depth cue

A

4 to 6 months

67
Q

what is texture gradient

A

cues for depth perception arising from an objects surface texture, with nearer objects having finer details and farther having coarser details

68
Q

what is interposition

A

cues for depth perception arising from the degree to which an object is blocked from view by other objects, with nearer objects being in full view, and farther being partially obstructed

69
Q

by what age to infants use most of their cues to judge distance

A

7 months

70
Q

what plays an important role in defining objects

A

edges

71
Q

when do infants start using edges to identify objects

A

early in first year

72
Q

what are the 2 anatomically seperate visual systems that adults and infants have

A

-determining perception of objects
-interpreting visual info from objects that are moving

73
Q

what do 1 months and 3 months old focus on most when looking at a face

A

1 - edges
3 - anterior

74
Q

newborns will look more at a stimulus that looks like a face rather than what

A

stimulus that is blank

75
Q

when do babies have perceptual skills that allow them to begin to distinguis individual faces

A

2 or 3 months

76
Q

what does the dynamic systems of theory of motor development suggest

A

learnign to walk involved differentiation o findividual skills in sequence such as maintaining balance and stepping on alternate legs, and then integrating these skills into a coherent whole

77
Q

what is handedness determined by

A

heredity
-can be influenced by experience and cultural values

78
Q

aorudn the world, what is the asic timetable for motor milestones like and what does this indicate

A

similiar
-underlying biological causes

79
Q

specfic experience can accelerate motor devel. particulalry what kinds

A

complex motor skill

80
Q

can babies hear

A

yes, but are less sensitive to higher and lower pitch sounds than adults

81
Q

what is a newborns and 1 year olds visual acuity like

A

newborn
-relatively poor
1
-can see as well as an adult with normal vision

82
Q

what do ifnants use to distinguish objects

A

edges and motions

83
Q

infants perceive faces early in the first year, but what is not clear

A

whether this ability is based on specific perceptual mechanismcs or on the same processes used to see other objects

84
Q

can infants recognize by sight an object that theyv felt previously

A

yes

85
Q

wjhat can infants do with what they see and hear

A

can integrate them

86
Q
A

child devel. (13 decks)

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