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Child devel. > Chapter 10 - Social and Emotion Devel. Preschool > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Social and Emotion Devel. Preschool Flashcards

1
Q

a particularly important element in childs early search for the self is what 2 thigns

A

develop,ent of gender identy
learning behaviours commonly associated with that gender

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2
Q

whta is a social role

A

set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave

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3
Q

what social roles are the first that children learn

A

associated with gender

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4
Q

traits stereotypicaly associated with men are called what and why

A

instrumental
-describe individuals who act on teh environment and ifnluence it

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5
Q

traits stereotypically associated with women are called what and why

A

expressive
-describe emotional functioning and individuals who value interpersonal relations

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6
Q

are north american views of men and women sahred wordlwide give example

A

no
-here see men as agressive, in Nigeria most do not

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7
Q

what continents gender stereotypes are the most extreme

A

north america

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8
Q

preschoolers who did not conform to traditional gender roles tend to be seen as hat

A

less likeable
-particularly strong effect regarding attitudes towards boys

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9
Q

who are the primary and secondyr influences for development of conepcts about gender

A

1 - family
2 - peers, firends, school, media

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10
Q

a childs gender identity is often spurred by what

A

curiosity about how the childs body is same or diffrent from that of others

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11
Q

according to social learning theorists, children learn gender roles in what way

A

reinforcment and observational learning

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12
Q

neurosciences has demonstrated that own gender imitation also activates reward centers in brain leading them to conclude what

A

neural mechanisms in the brain act to reinforce own-gender imitation and learning from otehrs of same gender

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13
Q

parents tend to what equally and differently when it comes ot gender of children

A

equal- interact
not - choice of toys as wll as literature (both genders more male characters)

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14
Q

what parent is more likely to treat different gender children differentlt

A

fathers

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15
Q

fathers pushed who toward indepence and accept depencene from who

A

sons
daughters

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16
Q

how do mothers respond to diffeent gender of child

A

based on their knowledge of the individual childs needs

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17
Q

in relation to gender roles, children who watch a lot of tv have had what

A

highly stereotyped viewsof males and females

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18
Q

what does cognitive development perspective focus on when it comes to gender

A

on childrens active construction of hteir own understanding of gender, rather than being restricted by biological or scocial influences

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19
Q

what is gender labelling

A

either boys or girsla nd label themselves accordinglywh

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20
Q

what is gender stability

A

understand that gender is typically stable (boys will become men vice versa)
-in prschool, believe that girl who wears hair like boy will become boy and vice versa

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21
Q

what is gender consistency

A

believe that maleness and femalness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes
-understand gender is unaffected by chlothing or toys child likes

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22
Q

what is gender constancy

A

knowledge that gender can be identified is stable and remains conssitent over time

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23
Q

childrens interest in gender typical behaviour usually emerges only after what

A

understand gender constancy

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24
Q

what combo is impossible in gender according to kohlbergs theory

A

lacking gender constancy but knew about gender-stereotyped activities

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25
Q

children who demonstrate problems in development of gender identity tend to what

A

have a lag in their developmet of gender constancy

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26
Q

in kohlbers theory about gender what does it not explain

A

how such learnign takes place

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27
Q

what is the gender schema theory

A

using gender based info to decide whether an activity or object is owrth learning mroe about
-pay attention to experiences and events that are gender appropriate

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28
Q

what stage does sex expression on chromosome occur

A

embryonic

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29
Q

what is the wolffian duct

A

can develop into male reproductive tracts in embryo

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30
Q

what are mullerian ducts

A

can develop ino female reproductive tracts in embryo

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31
Q

if testes begin to develop in embryo, what will they start to produce

A

testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone

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32
Q

are level of sex hormones related to gender identity

A

in early years of development but not in adulthood

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33
Q

on questionnaires measured instrumental traites associate with males and traits associated with females, who asnwere more similiarl fraternal or identical twins and what does this suggest

A

identical
-how expressive or intrumental a child might be depends in part on heredity

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34
Q

during prenatal development, adrenal gland sometimes malfunctions and casues whas

A

some females are inadvertently exposed to unusally large amounts of male hormones, such as androgen
-some of these girls may rpefer masculine activities to greater extent

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35
Q

according ot erikson, purpose is achieved with a balance between what

A

individual initiative and willingness to cooperate with others

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36
Q

childrn who see themselves as prosocial tended to what

A

help their friends more and to engage more in prosocial behaviour during free paly

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37
Q

harter and pike measured childrens self worth in what 4 areas

A

cognitive competence
physical competence
acceptance by peers
acceptance by mother

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38
Q

preschool children have very what views of themselves across many different domains

A

positive

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39
Q

when is self esteem at its peak and when does it drop

A

when in preschool and drops when enter schoolq

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40
Q

most current theories view families as what

A

system of interacting elemants, parents and cildren influence one another
-parents influence their children indirectly and directly

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41
Q

when children resist discipline what might parents sue

A

verbal reasoning less and be more inclined to use physical methods or become authoritarian

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42
Q

fathers behaviorus can affect what

A

mother child relationships

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43
Q

when siblings argue constantly, parents can become preoccupied with what

A

managing conflict rather than providing a richly stimulating home environment

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44
Q

late afternoon and evening shift work has a pronouned effect on what

A

childrearing for prescholers, school age and adolescnets, particularly in single parent homes

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45
Q

parenting in cultures around the world have what 3 primary objectives

A

-looking out fo childrens safety and health
-preparing children for productive adulthood
-sharing cultural values with children

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46
Q

what are the 2 general dimensions of parental behaviour

A

degree of warmth and responsiveness paretn shows children
amount of control parents exert over their children

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47
Q

when parents are warm toward children they feel

A

secure and better behaved

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48
Q

when parents are uninvolved or hostile toward childrent hey feel

A

anxious and behaviourally challengeg
-develop low self-esteem

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49
Q

what extreme of parental behaviour concerning control they have over child is more desirbale

A

neither

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50
Q

what is a good starting poitn for control over chidlren

A

-setting expectations appropriate for their age
-showing chil how to meet them
-rewarding child for copmliance

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51
Q

once an expectation is set, how often should it be enforced

A

consistently

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52
Q

parents in european heritage often want their children to be what

A

happy and self-reliant
-believe this best achieved by being warm and exert moderate control

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53
Q

in asian and latin american countries, parents see what as less important compared to what

A

individulasim compared to co operation and collaboratino

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54
Q

in china mother and fathers are more likely to what compared to those in states

A

emphasize control and less likely to express affection

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55
Q

what is authoritarian parenting

A

high control with little warmth
-lay down rules and expect to be followed without discussion
-hard work and obedience
-little give and take, do not value childrens needs or wishes

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56
Q

what is authoritative parenting

A

fair degree of control with being warm and responsive to child
-explain rules and encourage fiscussion
-explain decision and find comporimes

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57
Q

what is indulgent permissive parenting

A

warmth and caring but little parental control
-accept childs behaviour and rarely provide consequences
-readily agree to childs request

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58
Q

what is indifferent uniinvolved parenting

A

neither warmth nor control
-provides basic physical needs but little else
-minimize amount of time spent with child and avoid becoming emotionally involved

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59
Q

children who ten to try to do things without asking have what type parenting style and why do they do this

A

indifferetn uninvolved
-know parents wouldnt care and would rather not be bothered

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60
Q

out of all parenting styles, which usually bests servs children

A

authoritative parenting

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61
Q

child with lower self-esteem and are less social skilled were raised with what parenting style

A

authoritarian

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62
Q

childen who are impulsive and easily frustrated are ussually rasied by what parenting style

A

indulgent permissive parents

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63
Q

children who tend to have low-self estessm and be umpulsive, agressive and moody are usually raised by what parenting style

A

indifferent uninvolved

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64
Q

authoritatiran parenting can benefit what children and why

A

growing up in poverty
-ususally in neighbohouords with a lot of violence and crime

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65
Q

what is direct instruction

A

telling a child what to do, when to do it, and why

66
Q

what is counterimitation

A

learning what not to do

67
Q

what is disinhibition

A

tendency to exhibit bold or agressive behaviorus in unfamiliar situations

68
Q

what is inhibition

A

a behvaiour becomes less likely

69
Q

observational learning can be related to inhibitino and disinhibition but what else can be related

A

temperament

70
Q

children who demonstrate disinhibition are more liekly to what

A

experience mood and behaviour disorders later in childhood

71
Q

feedback comes in what 2 forms

A

reinforcement and punishment

72
Q

what is negative reinforcement trap

A

reinforcing the very behaviours that are being targeted for elimination
-parents often do this unwittingly

73
Q

what are the 3 steps of negative reinforcement trap

A
  1. tells son to do something doesnt want to do
  2. son responds with some behaviour that most parents find intolerable (complains and whines profusely)
  3. mother gives in
74
Q

what is corporal punishment

A

physical punishment

75
Q

what is the most common forsm of child discipline in the wolrd

A

spanking

76
Q

what is a more effective form of punishement that is not spanking

A

time out
-not more effective than comprimising or reasining but useful

77
Q

where are 2 of the worst places to put a child in time out

A

bathroom or kitchen

78
Q

what is time away

A

childtrn are diverted from an activity that was generating conflict to some other, usulally quiter, activity

79
Q

what is a diversion and what is a consequence

A

d: time away
c: time out

80
Q

time outs are usually how long

A

brief
no more than 1 min per year of childs age

81
Q

parenting behaviours and styles evolve often as

A

consequence of childs behaviour

82
Q

what is formal grandparents

A

stron interest in grandchild but maintain hands off attitude toward child rearing

83
Q

what are fun seeking grandparents

A

se themselves asa primary source of thun avoid serious interactions

84
Q

what are distant grandparents

A

little contact with child
-except part of holidays or celebratinos

85
Q

what are dispensing family wisdom grandparents

A

provide info and advice to parents and child

86
Q

what are surrogate parent grandparents

A

assume many of normal roles and responsibilities of a parent

87
Q

grandparents play a very important role in reinforcing the confidence and strength of family identity in what families

A

lesbian stepfamilies

88
Q

why do we know the most abou the surrogate parent grandparent style

A

common in african american families

89
Q

majority of same sex couples in canada are what gender

A

male

90
Q

children reared by gay cparents seem to develop in what way

A

much like those rasied by straights

91
Q

in saskatchewan most families have how many children

A

one

92
Q

parent typically have high expectations and are both more affectinoate and punitive with what sibling

A

first born

93
Q

with what sibling are parents more relaxed in their discipline and have realistic expectations

A

later born

94
Q

what sibling has highr schores on intelliegence tests and more likely to go to uni

A

first born

95
Q

what sibling is more willing to conform to parents request

A

first born

96
Q

what sibling is mroe popular with peers and more innovative

A

later born

97
Q

whose more likely to succed in school, have higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy and maturity, only child or one with siblings

A

only child

98
Q

what is a concern as chinese only children enter adulthood

A

care for their parents

99
Q

what is a benefit of a siblings birth

A

fathers become more involved with their older child

100
Q

4 year olds talk more ot who mothers or siblings

A

sibling

101
Q

basic pattern of sibling interaction establishes e=when and seems to remain waht

A

early development
failry stable

102
Q

what are primary reason for siblings ot get along or not

A

gender
-warmrer with same gender
temperament
-when neither sibling is temperamentall emotional
age
-relationship improves as younger appraoches adolescene, being to percieve one another as equals

103
Q

in relation to parents, siblings most often get along when what

A

parents have no favourties
-traeat everyone fairly

104
Q

warm harmonious relationship between parents fosters what type of sibling relatinship

A

positive

105
Q

when siblings, particularly young children fight what should parents do

A

intervene
-arrange for some form of cooperation

106
Q

how can parents solve fighting between siblings when one is bored

A

help child beocme engaged in some activity of htehir own

107
Q

siblings can engage in constructive negotiations more easliy when they have what type of relationship

A

high conflict of interest but positive relationship

108
Q

what play is much less common around 2 to 4 years old

A

parallel play, cooperative is the norm

109
Q

children in preschool may recogniz signs of distress but what is limitied and why

A

attempt to help
-knowledge of what they can do is limitied

110
Q

during preschool, cooperative play often takes what form, describe in early and late preschool years

A

make believe
-early: rely on realistic props
-later: no longer need realistic rops, can imagine with different objects

111
Q

what type of favourtie themes for make believe play for european american child

A

adventure and fantasy

112
Q

what type of favourite make believe theme for korean-american child

A

family roles and everyday activites

113
Q

what stype of style were european-americans more liekly to have during make believe play

A

assertive and more likly to disagree with play partners ideas

114
Q

what type of style do koren-american children have when make believe play

A

more polite and more likely to strive for harmony

115
Q

children who spend more time make belive play tend to be more what

A

advanced in language memory and reasoning, more sophisticated understander of other peoples thoughts beliefs and feelings

116
Q

what type of child seems to be more socially competent and engage in mroe complex forms of play

A

more adanced abitlity to sustain attention

117
Q

what is a benefit of make believe

A

explore topics that frighten them

118
Q

are imaginary companions for preschoolers rare

A

no common
nearly 2 thirds have them

119
Q

preschoolers with an imaginary companion ten to be what

A

more socialbel and have mroe real friends

120
Q

if child prefers to play alone should parent be worried

A

usually no

121
Q

what is aimless wandering

A

type of unhealthy solidaruty play
-never settle into play with others or engage in constructive solitary play

122
Q

what is hovering

A

unhealthy type of solitary play
-stands near peers who are playing and just watch

123
Q

unlhealthy types of solidarity play can suggest presence of what

A

high social anxiety

124
Q

when parents demonstrate more advanced forms of play, their children often what

A

play at more advanced levels later

125
Q

childrens relationships with peers are most successful when they had what as infants

A

secure attachment relationship

126
Q

what are 2 views as to why childs relationship with paretns si internal working model for all future social relationships

A

-encouraged to form relationship with other people
-makes feel more ocnfident about exploring the environment - provides more opportunity to interact with peers

127
Q

how does self contol develop in infancy

A

initially learn about self sooting trhough parental regulatory activities

128
Q

1st phase of children learning self control

A

become aware that people ompose demands on them and must react accordingly
-not entirly free to behave as they wish
-others set limites on what they can do

129
Q

phase 2 of child developming self-control

A

-internalized some of controls imposed by others
-capable of some self control in parents absence

130
Q

phase 3 of child developing self control

A

become capable of greater self regulation
-devise ways to regulate own behaviours

131
Q

children who have good self control on one task tend ot have what on another

A

good self control as well

132
Q

children who are less likely to touch prohibited toys are accoriding to mothers more likely to what

A

spontaneously confess to misdeeds at home and more likely to do as asked without parental supervision

133
Q

sefl control is lower in children whose parents are what

A

strict with them
-overcontrol children

134
Q

children have greater self control when parents

A

encourage them to be independent and make their own decisions

135
Q

what are highly emotional toddlers and preschooler self control like

A

less able to control themselves

136
Q

aspect of temperament thats most important for self control is

A

anxiety and fearfulness

137
Q

with children who are anxious and fearful, what do parents need to do when not behaving

A

a simple parental reminder usually guarantees compliance

138
Q

what are most effective approaches to compliance when it comes to children who are not naturally fearful

A

positive appeasl to the child to cooperate
-build strong attachment relationship between parent and child

139
Q

fealress or bold childreen comply with parental requests out of what

A

positive feeligns for a loved one, not out of ditress

140
Q

what are 2 ways to rsist remptation

A

-reminding of importance of long term goals over shot term
-reducing attraction of tempting event

141
Q

what is delay of gratification

A

ability to hold off immediate satisfaction in order to obtain a larger reward or a preferable outcome later

142
Q

what gender is better at delay self gratification

A

girla

143
Q

as children learn self control, what else do they learn

A

moral rules

144
Q

many moral rules are actually what

A

socail conventions

145
Q

do preschoolers know the difference between moral rules from social conventions

A

yes

146
Q

do rpeschoolers know difference between lies and mistakes

A

yes

147
Q

what siblings tend to tattle more

A

older

148
Q

when is middle childhood

A

between 7 and 11

149
Q

during middle chldhood how to boys and gilrs size compare

A

same for most
-girls much more like;y to enter puberty towards end

150
Q

in middlechildhood somtimes height difference are related to what

A

ethnic differences

151
Q

the condition where children do not produce enough growth hormone is trated how

A

injecting thm daily with synthetic growth hormone, continues through adolescence

152
Q

what happens when chidlren are treated with growth hormoen therapy

A

have a brief growth spurt, followed by a more rapid growth than before they started

153
Q

does growth hormone therapy make children taller

A

not necessarily
-may just help reach natural adult height sooner

154
Q

after being treated with growth hormoen, a childs height si what compared to their peers as adult

A

still tend to be shorter ona verage

155
Q

what is a downside of growth hormone therapy

A

make children more prone to infections or result unwanted side effects, increase serum insulin (lead to insulin resistance later)

156
Q

eating breakfest daily is connected to what

A

better eprformance in school
-better attendance
-lower chanve of becming overweight

157
Q

when should breakfast be eaten

A

within 2h of getting up

158
Q

eating stimulates what

A

bowels to move

159
Q

inadequate what can lead to problems with functinoing of the bowel

A

fibre and lfuid

160
Q

what is a significant problem that some children expeerience

A

constipation and overflow
-when bowels becom packed with hard fecal matter difficult to pass

161
Q
A

Child devel. (13 decks)

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