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IGCSE Biology > Chapter 7: Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet is one in which all the nutrients needed to maintain a person’s health are present in appropriate proportions.

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2
Q

State the factors involved in changing the proportions of a balanced diet.

A

Age (the amt of energy required increases as we reach adulthood, then decrease for adults as they age)

Activity level (ppl who are more active need more energy)

Gender (females tend to require less energy than males due to lower body mass)

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding (requires more energy because the woman is carrying extra mass, as well as providing nutrition for her child)

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3
Q

List the nutrients needed for a balanced diet.

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Vitamin A, C and D
Calcium
Iron
Fibre
Water

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4
Q

State the sources of carbohydrates.

A

Pasta
Rice
Potatoes
Sugar
Vegetables

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5
Q

State the function of carbohydrates.

A

Source of energy.

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6
Q

What does carbohydrate deficiency result in?

A

Ketosis, leading to headaches and fatigue

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7
Q

What does carbohydrate in excess result in?

A

Type Two Diabetes.

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8
Q

State the sources of fats.

A

Cheese
Butter
Margarine
Oils
Nuts

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9
Q

State the function of fats.

A

Source of energy
Storage and insulation

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10
Q

What does fat deficiency result in?

A

Dry skin

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11
Q

What does excess in fats result in?

A

High blood pressure
Heart disease
Obesity

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12
Q

State some sources of proteins.

A

Meat
Fish
Eggs
Peas
Beans
Lentils
Yoghurt

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13
Q

State the function of proteins.

A

Growth and repair of cells.

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14
Q

What does protein deficiency result in?

A

Kwashiorkor

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15
Q

What does excess in proteins result in?

A

Kidney damage
Heart disease

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16
Q

State some sources of vitamin A

A

Milk
Cheese
Yoghurt
Oily fish

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17
Q

State the function of Vitamin A.

A

Maintains good vision, healthy skin and immunity to infection

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18
Q

What happens if you are Vitamin A deficient?

A

Night-blindness.

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19
Q

State some sources of Vitamin C.

A

Citrus fruit
Leafy green vegetables.

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20
Q

State the function of Vitamin C.

A

Helps to heal wounds, maintain healthy connective tissue, immunity

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21
Q

What happens when you are Vitamin C deficient?

A

Scurvy

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22
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin C?

A

Diarrhoea

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23
Q

State the sources of Vitamin D.

A

Sunlight
Eggs
Oily fish
Margarine
Cereals

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24
Q

State the function of Vitamin D.

A

Maintains healthy bones and teeth

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25
Q

What happens if you are vitamin D deficient?

A

Rickets and bone pain

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26
Q

List some sources of calcium.

A

Cheese,
Milk
Eggs

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27
Q

State the function of calcium.

A

Maintains healthy bones and teeth
Normal blood clotting and control of muscle contraction.

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28
Q

What happens if you are calcium deficient?

A

Weak bones and teeth
Slow blood clotting
Muscle spasms

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29
Q

State some sources of Iron.

A

Liver
Red meat
Beans
Nuts
Dried fruits

30
Q

State the use of iron.

A

Needed to produce haemoglobin

31
Q

What happens if you do not have enough iron?

A

Anaemia

32
Q

State the sources of fibre.

A

Fruit
Vegetables
Cereals

33
Q

State the use of fibre.

A

Provides bulk to help the walls of the intestine to move food and faeces along the gut

33
Q

What happens if you are fibre deficient?

A

Constipation

33
Q

What happens if you have too much fibre?

A

Diarrhoea
Malabsorption of food.

34
Q

State the sources of water.

A

Food and drink

34
Q

State the function of water.

A

Maintains blood pressure
Many cellular reaction take place in aqueous environment

34
Q

What happens if you are water deficient

A

Dehydration
Headaches
Low Blood pressure
Kidney problems

35
Q

List the main organs in the digestive system.

A

Mouth
Salivary Glands
Oesophagus
Liver
Gall Bladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus

36
Q

State the function of the mouth.

A

Food is ingested.
Where digestion begins

37
Q

State the function of salivary glands.

A

Produces saliva containing amylase that digests starch

38
Q

State the function of the oesophagus.

A

The muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach

39
Q

State the function of the liver.

A

Produces bile

40
Q

State the function of the gall bladder.

A

Stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum of the small intestine.

41
Q

State the function of the stomach.

A

Muscular organ where digestion continues.

42
Q

State the function of the pancreas.

A

Produces digestive enzymes.

43
Q

State the function of the large intestine.

A

Water is reabsorbed

44
Q

State the function of the small intestine.

A

Food is digested then absorbed.

45
Q

State the function of the rectum.

A

Where faeces are stored.

46
Q

State the function of the anus.

A

Faeces are egested from the body.

47
Q

Define ingestion.

A

Food is taken into the body

48
Q

Define digestion.

A

Food is broken down into smaller substances mechanically and chemically.

49
Q

Define absorption

A

Food molecules diffuse through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream

50
Q

Define assimilation.

A

Food molecules are moved into the cells, where they are used, becoming part of the cells,

51
Q

Define egestion

A

Food that has not been digested and absorbed is removed from the body as waste

52
Q

List the four types of teeth.

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

53
Q

Describe the structure of the tooth.

A

They have a tough enamel surface to protect them from decay.

The hard layer underneath is the dentine containing tiny tubes.

The pulp is the soft living tissue containing nerves and blood vessels.

Around the root of the tooth, there is a layer of cement, firmly binding the tooth to the bone.

54
Q

What happens when the enamel is damaged>

A

Heat and cold can enter through the tubes, causing pain.

55
Q

How does tooth decay occur?

A

Bacteria convert the sugars from food on the tooth surface into acid during respiration.

This breaks down the enamel coating as well as the dentine.

This results in cavities.

56
Q

Where do cavities commonly occur?

A

on premolars and molars since these are the most difficult to clean.

57
Q

How can you prevent tooth decay?

A

By regularly brushing teeth with toothpaste
Drinking water containing fluoride to kill bacteria and replace calcium and phosphate ions in the teeth.
Reduce sugary foods in the diet to reduce the food source for bacteria.

58
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Layers of muscle in the stomach lining contract to produce a mixing and churning motion.
The mechanical churning of food in the stomach further breaks it apart and exposes more of its surface area to digestive juices, creating an acidic ‘soup’ called chyme.

59
Q

Explain the role of bile.

A

Bile emusifies fats, breaking them up into small droplets with a large surface area which are more efficiently digested by lipase.

60
Q

Where is amylase produced in the digestive system?

A

Mouth
Pancreas

61
Q

Where is pepsin secreted?

A

By the stomach.

62
Q

Where is trypsin secreted?

A

In the duodenum

63
Q

Where is lipase secreted?

A

In the duodemum

64
Q

State the function of HCl in the stomach.

A

Creates an optimum pH for pepsin to work as it is extremely acidic.

65
Q

Where does food absorption take place?

A

In the small intestine.

66
Q

Where does the water absorption take place?

A

Most of it is absorbed in the small intestine.
Some of it is also absorbed by the colon.

67
Q

How is the small intestin adapted for its function?

A

The walls of the small intestine is thin and has a large surface area as it is lined with villi.
To increase the surface area further, each villus has tiny microvilli

68
Q

Describe the structure of the villi.

A

Contains a network of blood capillaries that carry the absorbed glucose and amino acids.
The central vessel, the lacteal gland, absorbs fatty acids and glycerol from the food.

IGCSE Biology (21 decks)

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