diabetes

Question 1

define biosensory

Answer 1

a device that uses biological molecules to measure level of certain chemicals

Question 2

explain what happens when blood glucose concentration falls below optimum

Answer 2

• change detected by alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
• glucagon released
• glycogen converted to glucose
• amino acids converted to glucose
• blood glucose concentration increases due to negative feedback

Question 3

explain what happens when blood glucose concentration increases above optimum

Answer 3

• change detected by beta cells in Islet of Langerhan in pancreas
• insulin released
• increased respiration in cells
• there is conversion of:
  glucose —> glycogen
  glucose —-> fats
• absorption of glucose into cells
• blood glucose concentration decreases due to negative feedback

Question 4

explain what happens in type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

Question 5

how is type 1 diabetes controlled

Answer 5

injections of insulin

blood glucose concentration is monitored by biosensors and appropriate amount of insulin is injected

Question 6

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 6

less glycoprotein receptors on cells or they lose responsiveness to insulin

Question 7

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

Answer 7

regulation of carbohydrate in diet and exercise

Question 8

Describe how insulin reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood (4 marks)

Answer 8

insulin binds to specific receptors (on membranes);

insulin activates carrier proteins / opens channels / causes more
channels to form;

insulin increases the permeability of liver / muscle cells / tissues to glucose;

insulin action results in glucose conversion to glycogen / glycogenesis;