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Eukaryotic Cell Biology > Mitochondria & Energy > Flashcards

Mitochondria & Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of water are cells mostly made up of?

A

70%

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The ‘breaking down’ of molecules

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The ‘building up’ of molecules

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4
Q

In catabolic reactions, which is greater: synthesis or consumption?

A

Consumption > Synthesis

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5
Q

In anabolic reactions, which is greater: synthesis or consumption?

A

Consumption < Synthesis

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6
Q

What is an example of a catabolic reaction?

A

Fatty acid oxidation

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7
Q

What is an example of an anabolic reaction?

A

Fatty acid synthesis or protein translation

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8
Q

In homeostasis, what is to be said about catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism = anabolism

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9
Q

What is biological energy in the form of?

A

ATP

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10
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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11
Q

ATP has three phosphate groups on its tail. How much energy is stored in each phosphate group?

A

7.3kJ

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12
Q

In animals, what organelle produces energy?

A

The mitochondria

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13
Q

In plants, what organelle produces energy?

A

The chloroplasts

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14
Q

The outer membrane of the mitochondria is freely permeable - why is this?

A

Smaller molecules can freely diffuse across the membrane. Larger molecules can diffuse through porins

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15
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded up into ___?

A

Cristae

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16
Q

The aqueous inside of the mitochondria contains the ribosomes and DNA. What is it called?

A

The matrix

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17
Q

What are the three functions of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipid synthesis
  2. Fatty acid desaturation
  3. Fatty acid elongation
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18
Q

What are the five functions of the mitochondrial inner membrane?

A
  1. Electron transport chain
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Pyruvate transport
  4. Fatty acyl CoA import
  5. Metabolite transport
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19
Q

What are the six functions of the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  1. Pyruvate oxidation
  2. Citric acid cycle
  3. Beta oxidation of fats
  4. DNA replication
  5. RNA synthesis
  6. Protein synthesis
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20
Q

What are the four stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the Link reaction, the Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain

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21
Q

Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration. Where does it occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

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22
Q

How many carbons are in a glucose molecule?

A

6C

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23
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is first broken down into two 3C molecules. What are they called?

A

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

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24
Q

What is required for glucose to be broken down into 2 fructose 1,6-biphosphate molecules?

A

2 ATP, an energy investment

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25
Q

In glycolysis, fructose 1,6-biphosphate is broken down into pyruvate. How much ATP and NADH is produced per glucose molecule from this?

A

4 ATP and 4 NADH

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26
Q

What are the two electron carriers in respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

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27
Q

What are the net products produced per glucose molecule from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (3C), and 2 NADH

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28
Q

How many carbons are in a molecule of pyruvate?

A

3C

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29
Q

Where does the Link reaction take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What does pyruvate (3C) oxidise to in the Link reaction?

A

Acetyl-CoA (2C)

31
Q

What are the products from the Link reaction per glucose molecule?

A

2 Acetyl-CoA (2C) and 2 NADH

32
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

33
Q

How many turns does the Kreb’s cycle make per glucose molecule?

A

Two

34
Q

During the Kreb’s cycle, Acetyl-CoA is converted into a cycle of molecules. Beginning with Acetyl-CoA, what order are the six molecules formed?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA
  2. Citrate
  3. Alpha-ketoglutarate
  4. Succinate
  5. Malate
  6. Oxaloacetate
35
Q

How many carbons are in citrate?

A

6C

36
Q

How many carbons are in alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

5C

37
Q

How many carbons are in succinate?

A

4C

38
Q

How many carbons are in oxaloacetate?

A

4C

39
Q

How many carbons are in malate?

A

4C

40
Q

What are the products made per glucose molecule from the Kreb’s cycle (2 turns)?

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

41
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

On the inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

How many protein complexes does the ETC consist of?

A

4

43
Q

What are the two mobile electron carriers called?

A

Ubiquinone and cytochrome C

44
Q

What is the enzyme at the end of the ETC that synthesises ATP called?

A

ATP synthase

45
Q

What complex (I, II, III, or IV) first accepts electrons from NADH?

A

I

46
Q

What complex (I, II, III, or IV) first accepts electrons from FADH2?

A

II

47
Q

What mobile electron carrier carries electrons from the complexes I & II to complex III?

A

Ubiquinone

48
Q

What mobile electron carrier carries electrons from the complex III to complex IV?

A

Cytochrome C

49
Q

Complex IV in the ETC catalyses the reduction of O2 to produce what?

A

A water molecule

50
Q

By what process does ATP synthase use the electrochemical gradient to synthesise ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis

51
Q

What is Complex I in the ETC called?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

52
Q

What is Complex II in the ETC called?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

53
Q

What is Complex III in the ETC called?

A

Cytochrome B-C1

54
Q

What is Complex IV in the ETC called?

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

55
Q

What is produced from the ETC?

A

NAD+, FAD, Water and 28 ATP

56
Q

What is the theoretical net production of ATP from respiration?

A

32 ATP

57
Q

In excess of ___ molecules of ATP are created per glucose.

A

30

58
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, 1 molecule of glucose produces __ NADH, __ FADH2, and __ ATP.

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP

59
Q

Most chemical reactions within a cell would not happen if it were not for ___?

A

Enzymes

60
Q

The matrix of the mitochondria houses what type of DNA?

A

Maternal

61
Q

What is the order in which the protein complexes and the mobile electron carriers in the ETC transfer electrons?

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase & succinate dehydrogenase
  2. Ubiquinone
  3. Cytochrome B-C1
  4. Cytochrome C
  5. Cytochrome C oxidase
62
Q

What is MDDS?

A

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome

63
Q

What is MDDS characterised by?

A

A drop in mitochondrial DNA and lactic acidosis

64
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency characterised by?

A

Lactic acidosis

65
Q

What are the sizes in which mitochondria range?

A

0.5-10μm

66
Q

What type of cell do not contain any mitochondria?

A

Red blood cells

67
Q

What types of cell contain lots (hundreds/thousands) of mitochondria?

A

Liver and muscle cells

68
Q

How many genes are in the human mitochondrial genome?

A

37

69
Q

How many genes in the human mitochondrial genome code for components of the ETC?

A

13

70
Q

Other than glucose, what are some alternatives for organic fuel molecules?

A

Other sugars, fatty acids, amino acids

71
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC in respiration?

A

Oxygen

Eukaryotic Cell Biology (15 decks)

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