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Sports studies - Unit 1 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of appearance do skeletal muscles have?

A

Striped

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2
Q

What kind of muscle is a skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary

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3
Q

What do skeletal muscles connect together?

A

Bones via tendons

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4
Q

What are 3 examples of skeletal muscles in the body?

A
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
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5
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

In the walls of the heart

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6
Q

What kind of muscle are cardiac muscles?

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Do cardiac muscles fatigue?

A

No

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8
Q

What do the contractions of the cardiac muscle help with?

A

Forcing blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body

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9
Q

What kind of muscle is a smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

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10
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

Within blood vessels

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11
Q

What 2 things do smooth muscles help with?

A
  • Regulating digestion
  • Regulating blood pressure
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12
Q

What is the function of the deltoid?

A

Abduction at the shoulder

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13
Q

What is the function of the bicep?

A

Flexion at the elbow

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14
Q

What is the function of the tricep?

A

Extension at the elbow

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15
Q

What is the function of the pectoral?

A

Horizontal adduction at the shoulder

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16
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps?

A

Extension at the knee

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17
Q

What is the function of the hamstrings?

A

Flexion at the knee

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18
Q

What is the function of the hip flexors?

A

Flexion at the hip

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19
Q

What is the function of the gluteals?

A

Extension at the hip

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20
Q

What do the wrist extensors do?

A

Allow for the extension and straightening of the hand at the wrist

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21
Q

What do the wrist supernators do?

A

Allow for the supernation of the forearm

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22
Q

What do the wrist pronators do?

A

Pronates the forearm

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23
Q

What are the 4 movements that can take place in the wrist?

A
  • Supernation
  • Pronation
  • Extension
  • Flexion
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24
Q

What is the function of the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle

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25
Q

What is the function of the gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion at the ankle

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26
Q

What is the function of the soleus?

A

Plantarflexion at the ankle

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27
Q

What is the erector spinae?

A

A long muscle that runs either side of the spine

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28
Q

What is the function of the erector spinae?

A

Extension of the spine

29
Q

What is the antagonistic pair at the elbow?

A

Bicep and tricep

30
Q

What is the antagonistic pair at the knee?

A

Quadriceps and hamstrings

31
Q

What is the antagonistic pair at the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius

32
Q

What is the antagonistic pair at the hip?

A

Gluteals and hip flexors

33
Q

What is the antagonistic pair at the shoulder?

A

Deltoid and latissimus dorsi

34
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Muscles that enable the agonist to operate effectively. Works with the agonist to control and direct movement

35
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Muscles that stop any unwanted movement in the body by stabilising a joint

36
Q

The agonist muscle is also referred to as what?

A

The prime mover

37
Q

The stationary end of a muscle is called?

A

Origin

38
Q

The end of the muscle is called?

A

Insertion

39
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric and isotonic

40
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When the muscles are contracting but doesn’t change length

41
Q

What do isometric contractions lead to?

A

Rapid fatigue and an increase in blood pressure

42
Q

What are 2 examples of an isometric contraction?

A

Plank and a wall sit

43
Q

What are the 2 sub-categories within isotonic contractions?

A
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
44
Q

What happens to the muscle length during an isotonic contraction?

A

The muscle length will change

45
Q

A concentric contraction is known as the ___ phase

A

Upwards

46
Q

Give an example of a concentric contraction

A

Upwards phase of a bicep curl

47
Q

Eccentric contractions are known as the ___ phase

A

Downwards

48
Q

Does a muscle lengthen or shorten during an eccentric contraction?

A

Lengthens

49
Q

What do eccentric contractions promote?

A

Strength - they tear more fibres

50
Q

What is an example of an eccentric contraction?

A

The biceps in the downwards phase of a bicep curl

51
Q

What are the 7 adaptations of the muscular system?

A

1) Muscular hypertrophy
2) Increased tendon strength
3) Increased number and size of mitochondria
4) Increased myoglobin stores
5) Increased glycogen stores
6) Increased storage of fats
7) Increased tolerance to lactate

52
Q

What is muscular hypertrophy?

A

The increase in size of the muscles

53
Q

How does increasing the number of mitochondria help with exercise?

A

There is room for more energy to be produced to improve aerobic performance

54
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A form of haemoglobin

55
Q

Where is myoglobin found?

A

In the muscles

56
Q

When does the body start using fats as an energy store?

A

After 90 minutes of aerobic exercise

57
Q

What are the 2 additional factors of the muscular system?

A

Age and cramps

58
Q

When does the reduction of muscle mass start?

A

Around 50

59
Q

What is the term for the reduction in muscle mass?

A

Sarcopenia

60
Q

What are 3 reasons as to why cramps happen?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Inadequate blood supply
  • Lack of flexibility
61
Q

What is the ‘all or none law’ of muscle contractions?

A

Once activated, all the muscles fibres within the motor unit contract. If the
impulse is not strong sufficient at activate the motor unit, then none of the
muscles contract.

62
Q

What are the 6 responses of the muscular system?

A

1) Increased blood supply
2) Increased muscle temperature
3) Increased muscle pliability
4) Lactate
5) Microtears
6) DOMS

63
Q

Explain the response - Increased blood supply

A
  • When exercising, there is a greater demand for oxygen and glucose.
  • Vasodilation will occur to allow more blood into the muscle.
  • Allows muscles to have oxygen and lets waste products to be removed.
64
Q

Explain the response - Increased muscle temperature

A
  • When fuels are broken down for energy, heat is released as the by product.
  • The more you exercise, the more heat your muscles will produce.
65
Q

Explain the response - Increased muscle pliability

A
  • With increasing temp, the pliability increases.
  • Pliable muscles allow us to be less likely to suffer strains.
66
Q

Explain the response - Lactate

A
  • During high intensity exercise, lactic acid will build up.
  • Results in rapid fatigue.
67
Q

Explain the response - micro tears

A
  • Resistance training causes micro tears which puts pressure on the nerve endings.
  • After micro tears repair, it makes the muscles a bit stronger.
68
Q

Explain the response - DOMS

A
  • DOMS is the pain felt 24-48 hours after exercise.
  • Occurs if you are not used to high intensity exercise.

Sports studies - Unit 1 (10 decks)

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