Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RESPIRATORY > 1 – Respiratory Anatomy and Airflow > Flashcards

1 – Respiratory Anatomy and Airflow Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration:

A

-process to obtain O2 and eliminate CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we need respiration?

A

-cells require O2 to generate ATP (metabolism)
-metabolism produces CO2 which needs to be removed and regulated to maintain pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Path of airflow:

A
  1. Airway passage: nasal and oral cavity
  2. Trachea and bronchi
  3. Alveoli: site of gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Air enters through:

A

-nasal or oral cavity to reach oral pharynx -> trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nasal passage:

A

-concha
-lined with mucous secreting epithelium with hairs
-highly vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Concha: nasal passage

A

-mucosa covered turbinate bones that INCREASE SA for air passage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mucous secreting epithelium with hairs: nasal passage

A

-traps particulates and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Highly vascularized: nasal passage

A

-air is humidified and warmed
>epithelial surface water evaporation
-can cool the brain (2-3 degrees C lower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Obligate nose breathers: examples

A

-horses
-rodents camel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Obligate nose breathers variation:

A

-long epiglottis
-wide nostrils
-pliable and dilatable nostrils to increase air intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frequent mouth breathers:

A

-ex. pigs
-have rigid nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conducting airways: pathway

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main bronchi
  3. Lobar bronchi
  4. Segmental bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of conducting airways:

A

-delivery of air but NO GAS EXCHANGE
>warm air (transfer of heat from capillaries)
>humidify air (evaporation of water from mucosal surfaces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Panting is a:

A

-method of heat loss
>by the conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of epithelium is the conducting airways:

A

-ciliated columnar epithelium
>move mucous or inhaled particulate out of lung to expectorate or swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conducting airways have some:

A

-anatomical dead space
1. Extra-pulmonary
2. Intra-pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Extra-pulmonary anatomical dead space includes:

A

-oral cavity
-trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Intra-pulmonary anatomical dead space includes:

A

-bronchi
-upper bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Trachea to bronchi contains:

A

-cartilage to prevent collapse
>incomplete cartilage ‘C ring’ attached to band of smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Trachealis muscle:

A

-can contract to control airway diameter
Ex. coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Smooth muscle encircle bronchi and bronchioles:

A

-innervated by autonomic nervous system
>parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
>sympathetic bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parasympathetic bronchoconstriction example:

A

-Ach binding to muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sympathetic bronchodilator example:

A

-beta-2 agonist (ex. E or albuterol)

24
Q

Transitional zone:

A

-terminal bronchioles
*move air, no gas exchange

25
Q

Terminal bronchiole:

A

-smallest conducting airway connecting respiratory zones

26
Q

Respiratory zone:

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
*gas exchange

27
Q

Respiratory bronchioles:

A

-first area of gas exchange

28
Q

Alveolar ducts:

A

-lined entirely by alveoli

29
Q

Alveolar sacs:

A

-airspace surrounded by alveoli at the termination of alveolar ducts

30
Q

Alveoli:

A

-terminal airspace where gas exchange occurs

31
Q

Transitional and respiratory zone structure:

A

-simple cuboidal epithelium
-smooth muscle
-no cartilage

32
Q

Surface area for gas exchange:

A

-extremely high
Ex. 1 tennis court for human lungs, 4-6 for horse lungs

33
Q

2 types of alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes):

A
  1. Type I
  2. Type II
    *1:1
34
Q

Type I alveolar cells:

A

-squamous epithelial
-large and flat
-covers 97% of SA
-very thin cytoplasm for gas diffusion
-highly differentiated and do NOT divide
>sensitive to damage

35
Q

Type II alveolar cells:

A

-cuboidal epithelial
-thick
-covers 3% of SA
-synthesize SURFACTANT
-progenitor cell: multiple and differentiated into type I
-ionic pumps

36
Q

Ionic pumps of Type II alveolar cells:

A

-prevent excess alveolar fluid

37
Q

Air flow only exists when:

A

-there is a DIFFERENCE in pressure
>high to low
*increase difference=increase flow rate

38
Q

What happens to airflow velocity with branching?

A

-slows

39
Q

Types of airflow:

A
  1. Turbulent
  2. Transitional/vorticose
  3. Laminar
40
Q

Turbulent airflow:

A

-air moving quickly through large diameter and collides
-trachea: fast airflow
-lung sounds (normal breathing)

41
Q

Transitional/vorticose airflow:

A

-mix of laminar and turbulent flow
-branching points (air can choose a different path)
-5th to 13th generation

42
Q

Laminar airflow:

A

-air moving at low velocity through narrow tubes
-bronchioles and smaller airways
-silent
*inflammation or fluid can lead to abnormal sounds

43
Q

Types of dead space:

A
  1. Anatomical
  2. Physiological
  3. Equipment/mechanical
44
Q

What is dead space?

A

-inhaled air that does not participate in gas exchange

45
Q

Anatomical dead space:

A

-volume of oral cavity and conducting airway
>trachea to terminal bronchioles
-filled with air during inspiration but is exhaled without gas exchange

46
Q

Physiological dead space:

A

-anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space (in disease states)
Ex. blood flow obstruction and atelectasis

47
Q

Blood flow obstruction: physiological dead space

A

-no perfusion=no gas exchange

48
Q

Atelectasis: physiological dead space

A

-collapsed alveoli=no gas exchange

49
Q

Dead space in healthy animals:

A

-anatomical=physiological

50
Q

Equipment/mechanical dead space:

A

-additional equipment past the oral cavity of the patient connected to the airway
Ex. endotracheal tubes (‘high’ dead space)

51
Q

High dead space from equipment:

A

-longer distance of O2 to travel for inspiration
-longer distance of CO2 to travel for exhalation
*risk of incomplete exhalation

52
Q

Incomplete exhalation can lead to:

A

-CO2 rebreathing > hypercapnia > respiratory acidosis and respiratory distress (hypoxemia)

53
Q

Hypercapnia:

A

-abnormally high levels of CO2 in blood

54
Q

Hypoxemia:

A

-abnormally low level of O2 in blood

55
Q

When is incomplete exhalation (equipment dead space) a particular concern?

A

-in small patients (<6kg) with lower lung capacity
*dead space to tidal volume ratio is too high

56
Q

Tidal volume:

A

-amount of air in/out per normal breath

RESPIRATORY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions