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RESPIRATORY > 2 – Respiratory Functions > Flashcards

2 – Respiratory Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Primary respiratory functions:

A

-gas exchange
>absorb O2
>remove CO2

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2
Q

Secondary respiratory functions:

A

-phonation (sound)
-olfaction (smell)
-acid-base balance
-humidification and temperature control
-pulmonary fluid exchange
-pulmonary defense

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3
Q

Key steps of gas exchange:

A
  1. O2 enters body through conducting airway to alveoli
  2. De-O2 blood enters lung from pulmonary artery
  3. CO2 and O2 exchange at pulmonary capillaries
  4. CO2 is exhaled, O2 blood in pulmonary vein enters L side of heart and then into systemic circulation
  5. O2 diffuse into peripheral tissues for metabolism, and CO2 diffuse out of peripheral tissues from metabolism
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4
Q

Partial pressure (PO2 and PCO2) reflects:

A

-amount of gas DISSOLVED in plasma
>does NOT include amount of Hb

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5
Q

Pressure difference between O2 and CO2:

A

-O2 pressure difference is greater than CO2
-CO2 has 20 higher solubility=increases it diffusion rate
>CO2 also important in acid and base control

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6
Q

Gas pressure in pulmonary alveolus:

A

-PCO2=40
-PO2=104
*O2 into and CO2 out of capillary

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7
Q

Gas pressure in venous end of pulmonary and arterial end of tissue capillary:

A

-PCO2=40
-PO2=100
*O2 into and CO2 out of capillary

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8
Q

Gas pressure in venous end of tissue and arterial end of pulmonary capillary:

A

-PCO2=45
-PO2=40

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9
Q

CO2 levels:

A

-regulated by respiration due to its importance in acid-base balance
-do not change dramatically, but body is sensitive to slight changes (chemoreceptors) and alters respiration rate (neural control)

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10
Q

Increase in ventilation: CO2 levels

A

-increase CO2 expiration (loss)
-left shift -> increase in pH (alkalosis)

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11
Q

Decrease in ventilation: CO2 levels

A

-decrease in CO2 expiration (gain)
-right shift -> decrease in pH (acidosis)

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12
Q

Mucosa of the nose, nasal turbinate and nasopharynx have:

A

-large surface area for airflow

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13
Q

How is air humidified?

A

-by evaporation of water from epithelial surface
*warmed by the time it reaches the trachea towards the alveoli

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14
Q

What does humidification and warming up the air do?

A

-protects alveoli from damage effects of cold and/or dry air

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15
Q

Pulmonary fluid:

A

-fluid in interstitial space and inside alveoli
-comes from capillary

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16
Q

What is the role of pulmonary fluid?

A

-protection barrier
-prevents alveoli desiccation
-environment for alveolar macrophages
-creates surface tension ->elasticity

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17
Q

+1 net pressure in capillary:

A

-pushes fluid into interstitial space
>excess fluid is drained via lymphatic pump and recirculated

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18
Q

No net pressure in alveoli:

A

-excess fluid will drain into interstitial space
>goes to lymphatic
-small amount of interstitial fluid evaporates into alveoli to maintain moisture

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19
Q

Related pathologies with pulmonary fluid exchange:

A
  1. Left heart failure (where O2 blood exits the lung)
  2. Alveoli inflammation
20
Q

Left heart failure where O2 blood exits the lung:

A

-higher blood volume in pulmonary capillary
-higher hydrostatic pressure
-excess fluid overwhelms lymphatic flow
-interstitial fluid build up
*pulmonary edema
-increase gas diffusion distance
-blocked gas exchanged

21
Q

Alveoli inflammation:

A

*pneumonia
-can cause fluid build up inside alveoli
>can lead to edema and blocked gas exchanged

22
Q

Why is pulmonary defense needed?

A

-animals are constantly exposed to foreign respiratory particulates (ex. dust, pollen, fungal pores, bacteria)
-different particles deposit at different locations of respiratory tract

23
Q

Pulmonary defense mechanisms:

A

-mucociliary clearance system
-macrophage defense

24
Q

Methods of deposition:

A

-impaction
-sedimentation
-Brownian movement
-interception

25
Q

Impaction:

A

->10um: nasal passages
-2-10um: nasal pharynx, trachea, bronchi
*large particles moving at fast speed
*deposit based on impact
Ex. dust, pollen

26
Q

Sedimentation:

A

-0.2-2um
-distal airways
*small particle at low speed
*deposit based on gravity
Ex. bacteria

27
Q

Brownian movement:

A

-<0.2
-smaller airways and alveoli
*nanoparticles
*deposit by random motion
Ex. virus

28
Q

Interception:

A

-elongated particles
-intercept at distal tip
Ex. asbestos

29
Q

When do you get mucociliary clearance as a physiological response?

A

-nose
-pharynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles

30
Q

Mucociliary clearance examples:

A

-expulsion
>sneezing
>coughing
-minimize airflow
>bronchoconstriction

31
Q

When do you get sneezing?

A

-nose

32
Q

When do you get coughing?

A

-pharynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles

33
Q

When do you get bronchoconstriction?

A

-bronchi
-bronchioles

34
Q

When do you get alveolar macrophages as a physiological response?

A

-alveoli
*clearance

35
Q

What happens if a particle is not cleared?

A

-damage epithelium
-interfere gas exchange
-exert systemic toxicity
-microbe infection

36
Q

Where is mucociliary clearance found?

A

-in conducting pathway

37
Q

What is the role of mucociliary clearance?

A

-trap and remove inhaled particulate
*mucociliary escalator

38
Q

What are the key components of mucociliary clearance?

A

-cilia
-mucous gel layer
-mucous sol layer (periciliary fluid)

39
Q

Mucociliary escalator:

A
  1. Particulates are trapped in mucous gel layer
  2. Water periciliary layer: allows cilia to establish an upward flow to clear particulates from the lung through the pharynx
    *250cilia/cell @1000 stroke/min
40
Q

What is the result of the mucociliary escalator?

A

-mucous is expelled or swallowed

41
Q

Large mammals and mucociliary clearance:

A

-gravity plays an important role in speeding it
*if horse is prevent from lowering its head=rate of mucociliary clearance form lungs is REDUCED
>risk of increased bacteria in trachea=possibility of developing pneumonia

42
Q

Pneumonia risk in horses and head restrain:

A

-inability of horses to lower their heads in trailer=
*why transportation over long distances is the GREATEST predisposing risk factor for development of pneumonia in horses

43
Q

What is the first line of defense in terminal bronchioles and alveoli?

A

-alveolar macrophages
*for particles that ESCAPE mucociliary clearance
>phagocytosis by resident macrophages

44
Q

Phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages:

A

-enzymatic digested and broken down into small microparticles
-absorbed in lymphatic system and cleared
*macrophage can also migrate towards conducting airway to be cleared via mucociliary clearance

45
Q

Pulmonary defense overview: 3 areas

A

-physical and mechanical
-innate
-adaptive: humoral and cell-mediated

RESPIRATORY (9 decks)

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