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respiratory > 9 – Non-mammalian Comparative Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

9 – Non-mammalian Comparative Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors in respiratory system design?

A

-breathing medium (water or air)
-body temperature
-activity level

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2
Q

What are the different kinds of gas exchange apparatuses?

A

-cutaneous respiration
-external gills
-internal gills
-tracheal system
-lungs

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3
Q

Cutaneous respiration:

A

-simple diffusion
-works on body surface at small scale
-must directly contact wet surface
Ex. amphibians

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4
Q

External gills:

A

-gill branching to increase SA for diffusion
-fragile to environment
Ex. tadpole, axolotl.

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5
Q

Internal gills:

A

-larger aquatic animals
-protected by operculum

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6
Q

Tracheal system:

A

-uses a system of body cavity which air diffuses directly into tissues
Ex. insects

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7
Q

Lungs:

A

-internal structure in which air is transported to allow gas exchange
-extensive branching
-very high SA

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8
Q

Tracheal system and lungs must be kept:

A

-moist
>gas only crosses cell membranes when it is dissolved

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9
Q

What do animals require to facilitate gas exchange?

A

-capillary network

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10
Q

Types of gas exchange:

A

-open exchange across skin
-pool system with tidal breathing
-countercurrent exchange system
-crosscurrent exchange system

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11
Q

Open exchange across skin:

A

-amphibians
-low efficiency

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12
Q

Pool system with tidal breathing:

A

-mammals, amphibians
-intermediate efficiency

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13
Q

Countercurrent exchange system:

A

-fish
-high efficiency
-continuous gradient (parallel)

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14
Q

Crosscurrent exchange system:

A

-parabronchi in birds
-very high efficiency
-continuous exchange (perpendicular)

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15
Q

Fish gas exchange: 2 types of breathing

A

-buccal breathing
-ram breathing

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16
Q

Buccal breathing (fish):

A

-pull water into their mouth
-pressure pushes water into opercular cavity where gills facilitate gas exchange
-gills contain secondary lamellae that is perpendicular for counter current exchange

17
Q

Ram breathing (fish):

A

-swim with open opercular cavity
-forward movement push water through the gills
-in active species
>tuna: automate gas exchange in exercise

17
Q

Concurrent flow:

A

-same direction of gas and blood flow
-system reach EQUILIBRIUM
-no further exchange takes place

18
Q

Countercurrent flow:

A

-opposite direction of gas and blood flow
-system NEVER reaches equilibrium
-gas exchange is continuous

19
Q

Amphibians and types of respiration:

A

*skin is always moist
-cutaneous respiration
-gills
-buccal pharyngeal
-buccal pumping

20
Q

Cutaneous respiration (amphibians respiration):

A

-simple diffusion through moist skin
-rely on P1 and P2 pressure
*open exchange

21
Q

Gills (amphibians respiration):

A

-present when they are young
-specific species
*countercurrent exchange

22
Q

Buccal pharyngeal (amphibians respiration):

A

-simple diffusion in oral cavity
*open exchange

23
Q

Buccal pumping (amphibians respiration):

A

-gas exchange in lungs
*pool system exchange

24
Q

Avian gas exchange:

A

-2 sets of air chambers (‘conducting zone’) connected to the parabronchi (‘respiratory zone’)
-extremely efficient
-flying at high altitude with low PO2 content
-O2 receptors to detect change sin PaO2
*gas exchange occurs during inspiration and expiration

25
Q

What are the 2 sets of air chambers in birds?

A

-cephalic/anterior air sac
-caudal/posterior air sac

26
Q

Parabronchi:

A

-rigid
-air is continuously passed through the 2 air sacs to facilitate CONSTANT gas exchange

27
Q

Crosscurrent gas exchange in birds:

A

-air and blood move in perpendicular directions
-continuous exposure to high concentrations of fresh O2
*parabronchi always have fresh air in them and NEVER COLLAPSE
>enables flight at high altitude with low atmospheric O2

28
Q

Avian inspiration cycle 1:

A

-anterior air sac closes/posterior opens
-chest expansion
>air enters posterior air sac and parabronchi=gas exchange
-push air in parabronchi from previous breath into anterior air sac

29
Q

Avian expiration cycle 1:

A

-anterior air sac opens/posterior closes
-chest compression
>air leaves anterior air sac
-air stored in posterior air sac enters parabronchi=gas exchange

30
Q

Avian inspiration cycle 2:

A

-anterior air sac closes/posterior opens
-chest expansion
>air from cycle 2 enters posterior air sac and parabronchi=gas exchange
-push air in parabronchi from cycle 1 into anterior air sac

31
Q

Avian expiration cycle 2:

A

-anterior air sac opens/posterior closes
-chest compression
>air from cycle 1 leaves anterior air sac
-air from cycle 2 stored in posterior sac enters parabronchi=gas exchange

respiratory (9 decks)

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