1 – Operational Terms and Blood Pathway

Question 1

Basic functions of cardiovascular system:

Answer 1

-transport and distribute essential substances under dynamic physiological conditions (O2, glucose)
-remove metabolic by-products from tissues (CO2)
-maintain fluid balance
-regulate body temperature

Question 2

During exercise oxygen consumption changes: (example)

Answer 2

-cardiac output increases 3x
-skeletal muscle increases 10x
-cerebral stays the same

Question 3

Why do we need to maintain blood pressure?

Answer 3

-ensure adequate system perfusion

Question 4

How is blood pressure maintained?

Answer 4

-vascular anatomy
-vascular factors
-tissue factors
-neurohormonal factors

Question 5

Cardiac:

Answer 5

-heart=pump

Question 6

Systole:

Answer 6

-contraction

Question 7

Diastole:

Answer 7

-relaxation

Question 8

Cardiac output (CO):

Answer 8

-blood pumped per unit time
-CO=HRxSV

Question 9

Heart rate (HR):

Answer 9

-heart beats per minute

Question 10

Stroke volume (SV):

Answer 10

-volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 11

Intrinsic control mechanisms:

Answer 11

-autorhythmicity
>heart beats on its own

Question 12

Mechanical control:

Answer 12

-Frank-Starling Mechanism

Question 13

Neural and neurohumoral control:

Answer 13

-autonomic nervous system
-RAAS system

Question 14

Preload:

Answer 14

-initial stretch of the heart prior to contraction

Question 15

Afterload:

Answer 15

-force the heart must eject blood against

Question 16

Chronotropy:

Answer 16

-heart rate
>frequency of beats

Question 17

Dromotropy:

Answer 17

-conduction velocity
>speed of impulse

Question 18

Inotropy:

Answer 18

-contractility
>how hard the heart contracts

Question 19

Lusitropy:

Answer 19

-rate of relaxation
>how fast the heart relaxes

Question 20

Arteries:

Answer 20

-tubes that direct blood away from the heart

Question 21

Veins:

Answer 21

-tubes that direct blood back to the heart

Question 22

Blood flow:

Answer 22

-volume of blood that travels through a blood vessel (artery or vein)

Question 23

Blood pressure:

Answer 23

-force of blood exerted on walls of blood vessels

Question 24

Vascular resistance:

Answer 24

-force that must be overcome to push blood through the circulation

Question 25

Vasoconstriction:

Answer 25

-contraction
-tube gets smaller
>increase resistance, reduces flow

Question 26

Vasodilation:

Answer 26

-relaxation
-tube gets bigger
>reduces resistance, increases flow

Question 27

Capillary:

Answer 27

-small blood vessels that serve as primary site for gas and nutrient exchange between CV system and tissues

Question 28

Capillary bed:

Answer 28

-interface between arterial and venous circulation

Question 29

Lymph:

Answer 29

-vessels that drain excess fluid proteins, fats, etc. back into circulation

Question 30

Heart basic:

Answer 30

-pumps blood
-has valves to help direct flow

Question 31

Arteries basic:

Answer 31

-direct blood away from heart
-high pressure system

Question 32

Capillaries basic:

Answer 32

-exchange materials with organs

Question 33

Veins basic:

Answer 33

-direct blood back to the heart
-low pressure system
-one-way valves

Question 34

Systemic circulation:

Answer 34

-L. side of heart pumps O2 blood
>to body for nutrient and gas exchange with tissues

Question 35

Pulmonary circulation:

Answer 35

-R. side of heart pumps de-O2 blood
>to lungs for gas exchange with external environment

Question 36

Coronary arteries:

Answer 36

-branch off aorta just past aortic valve

Question 37

What is the pathway of blood through circulation:

Answer 37

-R. ventricle
-pulmonary arteries
-lungs
-pulmonary veins
-L. atria
-L. ventricle
-aorta
-systemic arteries
-capillaries
-systemic veins
-vena cava
-R. atria

Question 38

What happens when you increase the blood volume going to the heart?

Answer 38

-increase in preload

Question 39

What happens at capillaries?

Answer 39

-gas and nutrient exchange
>driven by gradient and pressures
>excess is captured by lymphatic vessels and returned to venous circulation

Question 40

Windkessel (aorta);

Answer 40

-can store some of the blood (‘dilate’) during systole
>put less load on heart
-discharge the volume with diastole
*helps maintain continuous pressure