module 5 - 14.1 hormonal communication Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
Works alongside the neuronal system to react to charges in the body/environment and bring about the most appropriate response
What are endocrine cards?
- Make up endocrine system
- group of specialised subs that secrete hormones
- secrete directly into the blood and have no ducts
What are hormones?
- ‘Chemical messengers’
- any member of a signalling molecule produced by glands in multicellular organisms transported by me circulatory system to target organs to regulate behaviour and physiology
- released directly into blood plasma (under nervous or hormonal control)
- diffuse out blood plasma & stimulate trajet aus to produce correct response
What are me 2 types of hormones?
- Amino acid based hormones
- steroid based hormones
What are amino acid based hormones?
- Proteins e.g. Insulin
- Glycoproteins e.g. FSH
- polypeptides e.g. ADH
- amines
- tyrosine derivatives
What are amones?
- Breakdown of amino acids releases amines
-many neurotransmitters are also amines (e.g. Adrenaline and noradrenaline)
What are steroid based hormones?
- Based on cholesterol
- example are the sex hormones oestrogen & testosterone
What are the mechanisms for the action of steroid based hormones?
- lipid soluble so con dissolve through cell membrane:
1. Entering a cell
2. Binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus
3. mRNA synthesis (first step of protein synthesis. - long acting
What are the mechanisms for the action of non-steroid based hormones?
- Water soluble so can’t dissolve through au membrane:
1. Binding with receptors
2. Cell signalling pathway using second messengers
3. Transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning - cascade within a cell → rapid response
compare hormonal and neuronal communication
HORMONAL COMMUNICATION
- communication is slow
- communication is by chemicals (hormones)
- travel to all parts of the body but only target organs respond
- widespread
- response is slow and long lasting
- effects may be permanent
NEURONAL COMMUNICATION
- communication is fast
- communication is by nerve imprises
- neurones travel to specific parts of the body
- localised
- rapid response but short-lived
- effects may be temporary
What are adrenal glands?
- example of an endocrine gland
- adrenal cortex (outer layer), adrenal medulla (inside cortex)
What is the adrenal cortex?
- Produces hormones vital to life
- produces steroid based hormones
- under control of hormones produced by pituitary gland
- releases 3 groups of hormones
Which 3 groups of long-term hormones does the adrenal gland release?
- Glucocorticoids
- mineralocorticoids
- androgens
What is the adrenal medulla?
- Produces non-essential hormones
- produces amine based hormones
- hormones released when body is under stress
- under control of sympathetic nervous system
- Releases 2 hormones
Which 2 hormones does me adrenal medulla release?
- Adrenaline
- noradrenaline
