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Biology > Human Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Human Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the respiratory tract?

A

the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal/oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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4
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of the respiratory tract?

A
  • it is wet with mucus
  • it is hairy -> lined with cilia
  • it is supported by cartilage
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5
Q

What is the purpose of mucus in the respiratory tract?

A

to trap foreign particles

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia in the respiratory tract?

A

to move foreign particles out of the tract

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7
Q

What are the purposes of the the cartilage in the respiratory tract?

A
  • they provide structure
  • they are strong , and flexible connective tissues
  • they prevent the tract from collapsing
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8
Q

What is the form of cartilage in the respiratory tract?

A

They are in the form of a ring

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9
Q

What are the main functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • cleans the air
  • warms the air
  • moistens the air
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10
Q

How does the nasal cavity clean the air?

A

The nostrils contain tiny hairs that clean the air

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11
Q

How does the nasal cavity warm the air?

A

epithelial cells and trubinate bones are lined with capilaries that warm the air

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12
Q

What are turbinate bones?

A

thin bony structures inside the nose, covered by soft tissue (mucosa)
- increases surface area

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13
Q

How does the nasal cavity moisten the air?

A

turbinate bones are lined with a thin membrane that secretes mucus to moisten the air

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14
Q

What does the increased surface area in the nose turbinate allow?

A

it allows air to reach more wamed, moist, surfaces which results in cleaner, warmer air reaching lungs

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15
Q

What part of the body houses the vocal cords?

A

the Larynx or voice box

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16
Q

How is sound produced?

A

via the passage of air through the cords, which causes them to vibrate producing sound

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17
Q

How is pitch controlled?

A

length of cords:
shortened cords = higher pitch
longer cords = lower pitch

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18
Q

Male vocal cords grow during puberty causing the voice to deepen

A
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19
Q

What is laryngitis

A

inflammation of vocal cords

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20
Q

What can laryngitis be caused by?

A
  • infection (usually viral)
  • smoking
  • regurgitation of stomach acid during vomiting
  • overuse
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21
Q

What are vocal cord nodules?

A

growth on the vocal cords

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22
Q

What are vocal cord nodules caused by?

A

constant straining of voice

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23
Q

How does the trachea main its rigidity?

A

the cartilage rings

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24
Q

what two types of cells make of the trachea lining?

A
  • goblet cells
  • epithelial cells
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25
Q

what do the goblet cells in the trachea do?

A
  • produces mucus that traps foreign particles
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26
Q

what do the epithelial in the trachea cells do?

A

they are ciliated (have a bunch of small hairs) that brush mucus containing foreign particles upwards through the tract

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27
Q

What do sneezing and coughing do?

A

they help expel mucus as well as other inhaled particles

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28
Q

What is the structure of the trachea, and bronchi?

A

the traches branches into two bronchi, each one leads to a different lung

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29
Q

What is the beginning of the lower respiratory tract?

A

the bronchi

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30
Q

Bronchi are reinforced with cartilage

A
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31
Q

What is the structure of the general lungs

A

they are divided into lobes

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32
Q

What is the structure or the lobes in the right lung

A

there are 3 lobes

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33
Q

What is the structure of the lobes in the left lung

A

there are 2 lobes to accomodate the heart

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34
Q

What is the pleura?

A

flexible membrane that protects the lung.

35
Q

What do the pleura do?

A

it allows the lung to expand and contract during breathing

36
Q

What is the structure of the bronchi and bronchiole?

A

Bronchi branch into smaller tubes known as bronchioles

37
Q

What are alveolus/alveoli

A

spherical hollow cavities (air sacs)

38
Q

what is the purpose of the the alveoli?

A

to create a larger surface area for gas exchange

39
Q

The alveoli are surounded by capillaries. The alveoli and capillaries have walls that are only a single cell layer think. Why?

A

this allows for rapid diffusion of gases

40
Q

what does the lung surfactant do?

A

it helps lower surface tension in the airways keeping the alveoli open, it also defends against bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents with immune proteins

41
Q

Where are the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

A

at the surface of the alveoli in the lungs and body cells

42
Q

How are gases exchanged?

A

by diffusion along a concentration gradient

43
Q

What is gas exchange in the lungs?

A
  • carbon dioxide -
    leaves the blood vessel into the alveolus
  • oxygen -
    goes from alveolus into the blood vessel
44
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gasses between air and blood

45
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

inside the lungs

46
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

exchange of gasses between blood and the cells of the surrounding tissue

47
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

in the body tissues

48
Q

What is the gas exchange in the internal respiration?

A
  • the O2 diffuses from capillaries to tissue
  • the CO2 diffuses from tissue to capillaries
49
Q

Breathing definition

A

in inhalation and exhalation of air

50
Q

What is inhalation/inspiration?

A

the act of taking air into the lungs

51
Q

What is expiration or exhalation?

A

the act of removing air from the lungs

52
Q

What are the two main muscles in the respiratory muscles?

A

the diaphagm and intercostal muscles

53
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a dome shaped sheet of muscle that has separate and thoracic abdominal cavities

54
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A

muscles of the ribcage.

55
Q

What are the external intercostals and what do they do?

A

they are on the outer surface and they pull the ribs up

56
Q

What are the internal intercostals and what do they do?

A

They are on the inner surface and pull ribs down

57
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing in relation to the inhalation?

A
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens downward
  • external intercostals contract
  • internal intercostals relax
  • ribcage moves up and outward
  • lung volume increases
    inhalation/inspiration
58
Q

What are the mecahnics of breathing in relation to the exhalation?

A
  • diaphargm relaxes and returns to dome shape upward
  • external intercostals relax
  • internal intercostals contract
  • ribcage moves downward
  • lung volume decreases
  • exhalation/expiration
59
Q

How does the control of breathing work? (the brain)

A
  • inspiration: respiratory center in brain stem sends signal that causes the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract
  • feedback: stretch receptors in lungs send signals to brain indicating lungs have expanded
  • expiration: brain stops signaling muscles causing them to relax
60
Q

What kind of control is breathing under?

A

involuntary (autonomic). But signals can be overriden consiously to control breathing

61
Q

What are examples of consiously holding breath?

A
  • talking
  • singing
  • holding breath
62
Q

What is the frequency of ventilation?

A

the number of breaths in a given amount of time

63
Q

What is the normal number of breaths per minute?

A

16-20

64
Q

An increase in cellular activity will….

A

increase cellular respiration, which leads to more CO2 being produced
- the CO2 forms carbonic acid in the blood -> lowers blood pH
- receptors in brain recognize pH decrease, which sends signals to diaphargm and intercostal muscles to contract more rapidly and forcefully and increases heartrate.
- results in increased breathing rate and volume of inhalation

65
Q

Is the full lung capacity used up during normal breathing?

A

no

66
Q

How can the volume of air in the lung be changed?

A
  • yawning
  • blowing out a candle
  • exercising
67
Q

What is a spirometer used for?

A

to measure the amount of air expired by the lungs

68
Q

What is the tidal volume in lungs?

A

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

69
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume in lungs?

A

the additional volume of air that can be taken in, beyong a regular tidal inhalation.

inspiratory capacity = total volume of air that can be taken in

70
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a regular or tidal exhalation

71
Q

What is the vital capacity in relation to lung capacities?

A

the total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs

72
Q

What is the residual volume in relation to lung capacities

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs and passageways of the respiratory tract even after full exhalation. This volume never leaces the lungs and prevents collapse of the respiratory tract

73
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

all the air that can exist in the lungs and respiratory tract

74
Q

What are factors that affect the lung capacities?

A
  • sex
  • height
  • smoking history
  • fitness/athleticism
  • altitude
75
Q

Which has a smaller lung volume? people living at low altitudes or high altitudes

A

low altitudes

76
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

altitude sickness

77
Q

How does altitude sickness occur?

A
  • air at higher altitudes has less pressure - less partial pressure of oxygen. The body is unable to adapt to the new conditions
78
Q

What is an immediate short term adaptation to altitude sickness?

A

increased breathing and heart rate to increase oxygen intake and transport

79
Q

What are long term adaptations to altitude sickness?

A

an increase in lung volume and red blood cell counts

80
Q

What are the symptoms of altitude sickness?

A

headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath

81
Q

What is bends?

A

decompression sickness

82
Q

What is decompression sickness?

A

when dissolved gases come out of solution in the body

83
Q

What happens in the body during decompression sickness?

A

forms bubbles in tissue and bloodstream

84
Q

what is the cause of decompression sickness?

A

rapid change in pressure from a higher pressure at deep underwater to lower pressure at the surface when a diver ascend too quickly

Biology (22 decks)

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