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Psychology 2220 > Structure & Function (Chapter 1) > Flashcards

Structure & Function (Chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Basic unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Glial Cells

A

(Glia) Non neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain.

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3
Q

Synapse

A

The location where information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell.

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4
Q

Input Zone

A

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons.

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5
Q

Dendrite

A

An extension of the cell body that receives information

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6
Q

Integration Zone

A

The part of a neuron that initiates neural electrical activity.

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7
Q

Cell Body

A

(Soma) Region that is defined by the presence of a cell nucleus.

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8
Q

Conduction Zone

A

The part of a neuron (usually the axon) that the action potential is transmitted.

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9
Q

Axon

A

(nerve fibre) An extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body toward the axon terminals.

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10
Q

Axon Collateral

A

A branch of an axon.O

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11
Q

Output Zone

A

The part of the neuron that the cell sends out information to another cell.

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12
Q

Axon Terminal

A

(Synaptic bouton) The end of an axon or axon collateral that forms the synapse onto a neuron and serves as the output zone.

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13
Q

Motor Neuron

A

A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles or glands.

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14
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

A nerve cell that is directly affected by changes in the environment.

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15
Q

Interneuron

A

A nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motor neuron. Receive and send input from other neurons.

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16
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon.

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17
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

A nerve cell that has a single dendrite and a single axon.

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18
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

(Monopolar neuron) A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends two directions. One end is the input zone and the other is the output zone.

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19
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The cone-shaped area on the cell body where the axon originates.

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20
Q

Innervate

A

To provide neural input to.

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21
Q

Axonal Transport

A

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals and back.

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22
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS.

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23
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A type of glial cel that forms myelin in the PNS.

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24
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty insulation around an axon formed by glial cells. Boosts speed of nerve impulses.

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25
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

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26
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous extensions (processes) that run in all directions.

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27
Q

Microglial Cells

A

(Microglia) Extremely small glial cells that remove debris from dead or injured cells.

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28
Q

Gross Neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system seen by the naked eye.

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29
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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30
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

Nerve

A

A collection of axons bundled together outside of the CNS

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32
Q

Motor Nerve

A

A nerve that transmits information from the CNS to the muscles and glands.

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33
Q

Sensory Nerve

A

A nerve that transmits information from the body to the CNS.

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34
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A part of the PNS that provides the main neural connections to the internal organs.

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35
Q

Cranial Nerve

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain. (12 pairs)

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36
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

A nerve that comes out of the spinal cord. (31 pairs)

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37
Q

Cervical

A

8 Topmost segments of the spinal cord in the neck region.

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38
Q

Thoracic

A

12 Spinal segments in the torso below the cervical portion.

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39
Q

Lumbar

A

5 Spinal segments in the upper part of the lower back.

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40
Q

Sacral

A

5 Spinal segments in the lower part of the lower back.

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41
Q

Coccygeal

A

The lowest spinal vertebra (tailbone)

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42
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Nervous system we have little conscious control over.

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43
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that general prepares the body for action.

44
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to relax and recuperate.

45
Q

Saggittal Plane

A

The plane that divides the brain into left and right.

46
Q

Coronal Plane

A

(Frontal plane) The plane that divides the body into the front and back.

47
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

The plane that divides the brain into upper and lower.

48
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

49
Q

Lateral

A

Toward one side

50
Q

Ipsilateral

A

A location on the same side of the body

51
Q

Contralateral

A

A location on the opposite side of the body.

52
Q

Superior

A

Above

53
Q

Inferior

A

Below

54
Q

Basal

A

Toward the bottom or base

55
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the head end

56
Q

Posterier

A

Toward the tail end

57
Q

Proximal

A

Near the centre of an organism

58
Q

Distal

A

Toward the periphery or end of a limb of an organism

59
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying action potentials toward the brain or from one region to another region of interest.

60
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying action potentials away from the brain or from one region to another region of interest.

61
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back of the body or top of the brain

62
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the front of the body or bottom of the brain

63
Q

Gray Matter

A

Areas of the brain that are mostly cell bodies and have no myelin, mostly receives and processes information.

64
Q

White Matter

A

A light colours layer of tissue consisting of mostly myelin-sheathed axons. Lies underneath the grey matter and mostly transmits information.

65
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

One of the two halves of the forebrain.

66
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres which cons tis of nerve cell bodies and their branches.

67
Q

Gyrus

A

A ridged or raised portion of the cortical surface.

68
Q

Sulcus

A

A crevice or valley of the cortical surface.

69
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The front of the brain

70
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Between the frontal and occipital lobes.

71
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The posterior part of the brain.

72
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The largest lateral region at the bottom.

73
Q

Sylvian Fissure

A

(Lateral sulcus) A deep fissure that separates the temporal and frontal lobes.

74
Q

Central Sulcus

A

A fissure that divides the frontal and parietal lobe.

75
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres

76
Q

Poscentral Gyrus

A

The strip of parietal cortex just posterior to the central sulcus that receives somatosensory information from the body.

77
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

The strip of frontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus that is crucial for motor control.

78
Q

Forebrain

A

The frontal part of neural tube that contains the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

79
Q

Midbrain

A

The middle division of the brain.

80
Q

Hindbrain

A

The rear part of the neural tube which contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla.

81
Q

Telencephalon

A

The anterior part of the fetal forebrain which will become the cerebral hemispheres.

82
Q

Diencephalon

A

The posterior part of the fetal forebrain that will become the thalamus and hypothalamus.

83
Q

Brainstem

A

The region of the brain that is made up by the midbrain, pons and medulla

84
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

85
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons found within the CNS.

86
Q

Pyramidal Cell

A

A type of large nerve cell that if found in the brain and looks like a pyramid.

87
Q

Cortical Column

A

One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex.

88
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A group of forebrain nuclei including the caudate nucleus, global pallidus, and putamen, found deep in the cerebral hemispheres.

89
Q

Limbic System

A

A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innerverate each other.

90
Q

Amygdala

A

A limbic structure involved in emotional regulation

91
Q

Hippocampus

A

Group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe, important in learning and memory.

92
Q

Fornix

A

A fibre tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body. Learning and memory.

93
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

A strip of cortex that is part of many functions but is important in direction of attention.

94
Q

Thalamus

A

Directs information to appropriate brain regions and receives instructions back about what to transmit.

95
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Packed with discrete nuclei involved in many functions and regulating hormones.

96
Q

Tectum

A

Top part of the midbrain. Has two pairs of bumps that have roles in sensory and visual processing.

97
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures in the dorsal midbrain that process visual information.

98
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information.

99
Q

Tegmentum

A

Main body of the midbrain that contains the substantial nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of the reticular formation and multiple fibre tracts.

100
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

A brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic projections.

101
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

A midbrain regions involved in pain perception.

102
Q

Reticular Formation

A

An extensive region of the brainstem involved in sleep and arousal.

103
Q

Cerebellum

A

A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, involved in central regulation movement and some forms of learning.

104
Q

Pons

A

Connects the midbrain to the medulla

105
Q
A

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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