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Psychology 2220 > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

The process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli

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2
Q

Overt attention

A

Occurs when focus coincides with the sensory orientation

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3
Q

Covert attention

A

The focus is independent of the sensory orientation

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4
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Selective attention filters out stimuli not being attended to

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5
Q

Shadowing experiments

A

Subjects must focus on just one of two or more simultaneous stimuli

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6
Q

Dichotic presentation

A

Simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to left and right ears

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7
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to perceive non attended visual stimuli (demonstrated by gorilla video)

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8
Q

Divided-attention tasks

A

Subjects are asked to process two or more simultaneous stimuli. Show that attention is a limited resource

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9
Q

Attentional spotlight

A

Shifts around the environment highlighting stimuli for processing

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10
Q

Attentional bottleneck

A

Works as a filter to select on the most important stimuli for processing

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11
Q

Early-selection model of attention

A

Filtering occurs at the sensory level and non attended information never reaches higher-order cognitive processes

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12
Q

Late-selection model of attention

A

Filtering occurs later after substantial unconscious processing has occurred

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13
Q

Best model of attention

A

Combination of both

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14
Q

Perceptual load

A

The immediate processing demands presented by stimulus, determines how much of our perceptual resources are used

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15
Q

Sustained-attention task

A

A single stimulus must be held in the spotlight for an extended period of time

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16
Q

Voluntary attention

A

Attention is directed towards aspects of the environment according to our interests and goals (slower)

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17
Q

Reflexive attention (exogenous attention)

A

Involuntary reorienting of attention toward a sudden or important event (rapid)

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18
Q

Feature search

A

A search in which the target pops out right away due to a unique attribute

19
Q

Conjunction search

A

A search based on two or more feature that together distinguish the target (eg. where’s Waldo)

20
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

Averaging EEG’s during several repeated trials

21
Q

Auditory attention produces a uniqe ____

A

ERP

22
Q

What do the waves look like for auditory attention

A

100-150 ms after a sound stimulus two large waves appear, a positive wave followed by a larger negative wave

23
Q

P20-50 effect

A

A positive wave early in the recording

24
Q

P3 effect

A

Occurs later in ERP and may reflect higher order processing

25
Q

Visual P1 effect

A

The appearance of a positive wave that occurs when the stimulus is a valid cue but not invalid

26
Q

Superior colliculus in attention

A

Guides movement of the eyes towards objects of attention

27
Q

Pulvinar in attention

A

Involved in orienting, shifting attention, and filtering of stimuli in visual processing

28
Q

Lateral intraparietal area

A

Crucial for endogenous attention in monkeys (intraparietal sulcus in humans)

29
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Directs gaze according to cognitive goals rather than the characteristics of the stimuli

30
Q

Event-related fMRI

A

Allows visualization of network activity during top-down attentional processing

31
Q

Tempoproparietal junction (TPJ)

A

Steers attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli

32
Q

Consciousness

A

Dependent on attention, may be defined as being aware that we are conscious coupled with our perception of what is going on in our minds

33
Q

Default mode network

A

Active when we are doing something reflective, and inactive when we are doing something intentional

34
Q

Cognitively impenetrable

A

Basic neural processing operations that cannot be experience through introspection

35
Q

Easy problem of consciousness

A

Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experience

36
Q

Hard problem of consciousness

A

Understanding brain processes that produce people subjective experiences of their conscious perspectives

37
Q

Qualia

A

Purely subjective experiences of perceptions, impossible to communicate to others

38
Q

Executive function

A

The high level control needed to attend to important stimuli and make plans

39
Q

Frontal lobe injury changes

A

-Persistent apathy, bouts of euphoria
-Impulsive behavior
-Lack of concern for past or future
-Forgetfulness
-Trouble task shifting

40
Q

Perseverate

A

Show repeated behaviours

41
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

Study of brain mechanisms during economic decision making

42
Q

Valuation system

A

: ranks choices based on their perceived worth and value. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Choice system

A

Sifts through the choices and makes a decision. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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