Lexicology

Question 1

Word classes

Answer 1

• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Determiners
• Interjections

Question 1

Lexicology

Answer 1

• Word classes
• Function + content words
• Word formation processes
• Lexical patterning

Question 2

Nouns

Answer 2

Name people, places, things, qualities, or actions.
- Common nouns
- Proper nouns
- Collective nouns
- Plural nouns (regular/irregular)

Question 3

Verbs

Answer 3

Denote actions, processes, or states.
- Regular/irregular

Question 4

Regular + irregular verbs

Answer 4

• Regular - form past tense by adding suffix ‘ed’.
• Irregular - form past tense in variety of ways.

Question 5

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 5

Modify + change some aspect of the main verb.
- Primary aux verbs = ‘to be’, ‘to have’, ‘to do’, + modal verbs (can also be main verbs).

Question 6

Modal verbs

Answer 6

Carry information to do with notions such as ability, permission, likelihood, + obligation.
- Can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.

Question 7

Adjectives

Answer 7

Define/modify nouns, located in front of nouns or behind verbs (eg. ‘seems tired’).

Question 8

Adverbs

Answer 8

Modify verbs, adjectives, + other adverbs (many formed by adding ‘ly’).

Question 9

Types of adverbs

Answer 9

• Time - soon, later
• Frequency - always, occasionally, never
• Manner - torrentially, slowly, unconvincingly
• Place - around, everywhere, here, there
• Degree - completely, somewhat, totally, very.

Question 10

Prepositions

Answer 10

Show relationship between nouns/pronouns + other words in a sentence.

Question 11

Types of prepositions

Answer 11

• Space - where is the dog? UNDER the table, BEHIND the chair.
• Time - when will we go? AFTER breakfast, BEFORE dinner.
• Manner - how did you do that? WITH paint, BY manipulating.

Question 12

Conjunctions

Answer 12

Words that connect other words or larger elements of a sentence.
- Coordinating + subordinating.

Question 13

Coordinating conjunctions

Answer 13

Link words, clauses, + phrases together/join things in equal value (FANBOYS).

Question 14

Subordinating conjunctions

Answer 14

Only join clauses together (introduce subordinate clauses + link subordinate clause to main clause).

Question 15

Determiners

Answer 15

Introduce noun phrase + function as modifiers (eg. ‘that’ book is worth reading, modifying the noun ‘book’).

Question 16

Interjections

Answer 16

Words/phrases that express a sudden or strong emotion (includes swear words, greetings, signalling words, etc).

Question 17

Function words

Answer 17

Exist to perform a job/commonly to convey grammatical relationships (includes determiners, aux verbs, modal verbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections).

Question 18

Content words

Answer 18

Carry real-world meaning/provide content (includes nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).

Question 19

Word formation processes

Answer 19

• Neologism
• Borrowings
• Commonisation
• Nominalisation

Question 20

Neologism

Answer 20

A completely new word

Question 21

Borrowings

Answer 21

Borrowing words from other languages + incorporating into own lexicon.

Question 22

Commonisation

Answer 22

Development of proper nouns into common everyday words (eg. ‘esky’, ‘thermos’).

Question 23

Nominalisation

Answer 23

A verb or adjective that functions as a noun (eg. ‘interference’ is a nominalisation of ‘interfere’).

Question 24

Lexical patterning

Answer 24

Repeated presence of a word + it’s various forms.
- Simple + complex

Question 25

Simple lexical patterning

Answer 25

Repetition of a word in it’s identical form or with very simple changes (eg. ‘sing’ 1st person + ‘sings’ 3rd person, ‘horse’ 1st p + ‘horses’ 3 p).

Question 26

Complex lexical patterning

Answer 26

Involves words + any form of them created through affixation (eg. presence of ‘category’, ‘categorise’, + ‘categorical’ within a text).