Final/AP study guide Flashcards
pituitary gland
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
endocrine system
set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
a. parietal lobes
b. Somatosensory cortex
a. receives sensory input for touch and body position
b. receives and processes sensory info from the entire body
cerebral cortex
brain’s outer surface of interconnected neural cells
association areas
involves higher mental functions like learning, thinking, & speaking
corpus callosum
large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres
Temporal lobe
just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Hippocampus
e. Amygdala
a. network of structures located below the cerebral cortex, coordinates: emotions (like fear/aggression) basic drives (hunger/sex) formation of episodic memories.
b. processes and transmits movement and sensory info, considered the sensory relay station, takes info from all senses to the cerebral cortex and to higher brain functions that deals with seeing hearing tasting and touching
c. connects with many other regions of the brain and is responsible for conditioning hunger thirst emotions body temp, circadian rhythm, also controls pituitary gland
d. formation organization and storage of memories, connecting certain sensations/emotions to these memories
e. processing emotions and survival responses, coordinates FFFF, influences aggression and fear
a. Neuron
c. Dendrites (part of the neuron)
d. Soma (part of the neuron)
e. Axon (part of the neuron)
f. Myelin Sheath (part of the neuron)
g. Axon Terminals (part of the neuron)
a. specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals
c. branch like, receives electrical messages from other cells
d. cell body of the neuron, maintains the cell and keeps the neuron functional
e. carry messages out to other cells
f. protects neuron
g. at end of the axon, sends signal to other neurons
a. describe non-REM Stage 1
b. describe non-REM Stage 2 and sleep spindles
c. describe non REM Stage 3+4
d. REM Sleep also called paradoxical sleep
a. wakefulness ->asleep drifting in and out of sleep, theta increases as alpha fades away
b. body temp drops, heart beat slows, shallow breathing, EEG would show first signs of sleep spindles, theta waves, bursts of neural activity
c. delta waves start to appear more, restorative stage, difficult to be awoken, breathing + pulse slows down
d. rapid eye movement and your muscles become almost paralyzed, brain waves look like your awake, dream sleep, gets longer throughout the night.
a. Bottom-Up processing
b. Top-Down processing
a. build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information
b. brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information
Webers Law
the size of the JND is directly proportional to the strength of the original stimulus
a. Cornea
b. Iris
c. Pupil
d. Lens
e. Retina
a. transparnet curved layer in the front of the eye that bends incoming light rays
b. colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil opening
c. small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller in bright light and larger in darkness
d. structure behind the pupil that changes to focus on near or far objects by adjusting how light hits the retina
e. light sensitive surface in the back of the eye containing rods and cones
Opponent processing theory
the retina has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors; white-black, red-green, and yellow-blue
a. Outer ear
b. Middle ear
c. Inner Ear
a. includes the pinna, the auditory canal, and the eardrum
b. includes the three tiny bones, hammer, anvil, and stirrup
c. includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Gestalt Psychology
a subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is greater than the sum of its parts
Law of Effect
the idea that responses that lead to positive effects are repeated, while responses that lead to negative effects are not repeated
a. Variable-Ratio Schedules
b. Fixed-Interval Schedules
c. Variable-Interval Schedules
a. response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
b. response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed
c. response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Stanford-Binet IQ test
an early IQ test created by Terman that originally measured intelligence by using mental age
Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS)
intelligence was made up a number of different mental abilities rather than a single general intelligence factor
a. Test-Retest Reliability
b. Split-Half Reliability
a. best for intelligence administering a test twice at two different points in time
b. comparing the results of one half of a test with the results from the other half
a. Heuristics
b. Representative Heuristics
c. Availability Heuristics
a. educated guess based on prior experience (mental shortcuts)
b. comparing present situations to most representative mental prototype
c. decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind
Mental Set
people use solutions that have worked in the past
a. Phoneme
b. Morpheme
a. the smallest unit of sound in a language
b. the smallest unit of meaning in a language
a. Multiple Intelligence Theory
b. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
a. Gardener’s theory that proposes eight different intelligences
b. Sternbergs theory proposes three distinct intelligences (practical, creative, analytical), which work together to make up your overall intelligence
