Ap Psych Unit 3 biology + sleep stuff; Unit test Flashcards
a. Hemispheres
b. Left Hemisphere
c. Right Hemisphere
d. Lateralization
a. the brain has two hemispheres, left controls right side of the body and right controls left side of the body
b. any kind of thought that requires analysis (language speech handwriting calculation ect.)
c. specializes in widespread processing (perception, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions ect.)
d. there is some evidence that each brain hemisphere has its own distinct functions
(there is for sure some overlap tho)
Corpus Callosum
bunch of nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres, messages move from 1 side of the brain to the other
a. Cerebral Cortex
b. Lobes
a. outer layer of the brain; the tissue is folded in on itself the folding and wrinkling allows for more surface area to fit inside the skull
b. areas of the cerebral cortex, location and primary function each lobe has a specialty
a. Frontal Lobe
c. Motor cortex
d. Brocas area
a. area of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, associated with motor skills, higher level cognition and expressive language
c. receives info from various lobes of the brain and uses this info to carry out body movements
d. in lower portion of the left frontal lobe, speech production and language comprehension (if damaged cant speak clearly)
a. Parietal Lobe
b. Somatosensory cortex
a. top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for processing sensory signals such as touch pressure temp and pain
b. receives and processes sensory info from the entire body
a. Occipital Lobes
a. rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain
a. Temporal lobe
b. Wernicke’s area
a. just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
b. in left side of temporal lobe, comprehending speech
a. Brainstem
b. Medulla
c. Pons
d. Reticular Formation
a. most primitive part of the brain, base of the brain connected to the spinal cord, controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body + unconscious functions (ex. breathing)
b. by the top of the spinal cord, controls life sustaining functions, most fibers cross resulting in con-lateral control
c. larger swelling above the medulla, connects the top of the brain to the bottom, bridge between cerebral hemispheres and both medulla and cerebellum stimulating breathing and controlling sleep cycles
d. network of nerves that can carry messages between parts of the brainstem (integrates nervous system), regulates intensity of pain and controls some parts of the body, helps focus and filter out distractions
Cerebellum
helps control posture balance and coordination of voluntary movements (sports/ muscle memory) allows different parts of the body to act together and produce coordinated movement
a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Hippocampus
e. Amygdala
a. network of structures located below the cerebral cortex, coordinates: emotions (like fear/aggression) basic drives (hunger/sex) formation of episodic memories.
b. processes and transmits movement and sensory info, considered the sensory relay station, takes info from all senses to the cerebral cortex and to higher brain functions that deals with seeing hearing tasting and touching
c. connects with many other regions of the brain and is responsible for conditioning hunger thirst emotions body temp, circadian rhythm, also controls pituitary gland
d. formation organization and storage of memories, connecting certain sensations/emotions to these memories
e. processing emotions and survival responses, coordinates FFFF, influences aggression and fear
a. X Rays
b. Electroencephalograph (EEG)
c. Computer Tomography (CT or CAT)
d. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
e. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
f. Functional MRS (fMRI)
e. Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
a. shows bones, not soft tissue
b. place electrode on scalp then measure electrical activity of the brain
c. 2d xray photos from different angles + used to create 3d representation
d. brain imaging method using radio waves/magnetic fields of the body to produce 3d images (more detailed then CAT)
e. used to measure magnetic fields by the brain
f. detects changes in blood Ox generation and flow that occurs in response to neural activity
e. uses trace amounts of short lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain
a. Neuroplasticity
a. ability to change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience/trauma
Which scientists have studied split brain?
Roger Sperry and Micheal Gazzinga
Central Nervous System (CNS)
coordinates the actions and interactions of the brain and spinal cord, body’s main control center, largest nervous system
spinal cord is info highway
a. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
b. Motor Pathway
c. Sensory Pathway
a. PNS connects CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin
b. signals from brain to the muscles/glands away from the brain
c. signals from sensory receptors to the brain
Parts of the motor pathway/neurons:
a. Somatic Nervous System
b. Sensory Neurons, Afferent Neurons
c. Motor Neurons, Efferent Neurons
d. Interneurons
e. Reflex Arc
a. signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles, allows voluntary movements
b. carries info from the nerves to the CNS (outside -> brain)
c. carries info from CNS to muscle fibers
d. within the brain/spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and outputs
e. signal goes straight to the spinal cord instead of brain, reacts quicker
a. Autonomic Nervous System
b. Sympathetic Nervous System
c. Parasympathetic Nervous System
a. regulates involuntary and unconscious actions (ex. breathing)
b. Emergency response system, FFFF
c. functions to calm the person
a. Neuron
c. Dendrites (part of the neuron)
d. Soma (part of the neuron)
e. Axon (part of the neuron)
f. Myelin Sheath (part of the neuron)
g. Axon Terminals (part of the neuron)
a. specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals
c. branch like, receives electrical messages from other cells
d. cell body of the neuron, maintains the cell and keeps the neuron functional
e. carry messages out to other cells
f. protects neuron
g. at end of the axon, sends signal to other neurons
Synapse
meeting between neurons at the end of the terminal (the gap)
Receptor Sites
receives signals, where the neurotransmitter fits into/ is received
Neurotransmission
process by which info travels through a neuron, neurons pass on impulses to each other
Reuptake
recycling
Threshold
level of stimulation that a cell body (soma) uses to decide whether to tell the axon to create electricity
Resting Potential
when there is a difference between the charges outside the and inside, waiting for threshold to be reached
