Specialized Anatomy of the teeth and age distribution Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of anatomical knowledge of teeth

A

-dental surgery
-nerve blocks
-age estimation

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2
Q

When did equine dentistry and age estimation begin?

A

goes back more than 3000 yrs

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3
Q

When did horsemen begin aging horses?

A

-was actively used until early 1900s when record keeping took precedence

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4
Q

Purpose of aging horses

A

-used in legal disputes
-double checking ID
-regulatory inspections
- legal documents and forensic investigations

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5
Q

General predisposing dental conditions

A

-crowded teeth in brachycephalic
-fractured teeth/exposed pulp
-attritions (wear due to bad habits or bad teeth formation)
-retained deciduous

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6
Q

Retained deciduous

A

Adult canine erupts beside and not under the deciduous tooth so it does not cause root resorption
o Upper retained milk canine is usually caudal
o Lower milk is usually lateral to its adult

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7
Q

Dental nerve blocks

A

-local anesthetic deposited near nerve track
-effective, easy, inexpensive, rapid onset
-allows for lighter general anesthesia and complement/lower analgesic in dogs and cats
-better recovery; reduced complications
-main form of anesthesia in ox/horses

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8
Q

Maxillary alveolar (of V-2)

A

-enters maxillary foramen into infraorbital canal
-block for upper teeth, alveolar bone, soft tissue
-remnants exit infraorbital foramen as infraorbital nerve to muzzle

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9
Q

Mandibular alveolar (of V-3)

A
  • Enters the mandibular foramen into mandibular canal
  • Block for all lower teeth, surrounding bone, soft tissue
  • Remnants exit mental foramina as mental nerves to chin
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10
Q

Rostral maxillary (infraorbital) nerve block

A

-target infraorbital foramen and canal
-Dog: foramen above distal root of P^3
-Cat: foramen above mesial root of P^3

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11
Q

Depth of canal for rostral maxillary (infraorbital) nerve block

A

-dolichocephalic and mesanticephalic dogs
>canal is ~2.5cm in large dogs, and with head tilted back, can block as distally as P3
>blocks Incisors and canines, bone, soft tissue, muzzle

-brachycephalic
>canal is ~1cm
>be careful that needle does not enter and cause damage to orbit

-small dogs and cats
> canal ~0.4cm
> blocks all upper teeth

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12
Q

Caudal maxillary nerve block target

A
  • Not needed in cats and small dogs
  • Target is vicinity of maxillary foramen in pterygopalatine fossa
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13
Q

Caudal maxillary nerve block

A

Blocks maxillary nerve and its branches (infraorbital, pterygopalatine, major and minor palatine) before entering foramen
- Blocks all upper teeth, associated done and soft tissue, palatine mucosa and bone to midline raphe

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14
Q

Needle insertion for caudal maxillary nerve block

A

From oral vestibule, insert needle distal to M2, only ~0.5cm deep in a dorsal direction

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15
Q

Rostral mandibular (mental) nerve block target

A

-target middle mental foramen and mandibular canal

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16
Q

Rostral mandibular (mental) nerve block

A
  • Blocks mental nerve and rostral alveolar branches
  • Blocks incisor, canine (if deposited caudally in canal even as far back as P3), bone, soft tissue, lower lip
17
Q

Needle insertion for rostral mandibular (mental) nerve block

A

-Dog: middle mental foramen is apical to medial root of P^2 and 1/3rd way up from ventral border of mandible body
-Cat: foramen is between canine and P3 (lower). Insert the needle rostral to mandibulo-labial frenulum

18
Q

Caudal mandibular (inferior) nerve block target

A
  • Target vicinity of mandibular foramen which is located in medial side of ramus in a fossa
    »Dog: fossa is palpable intra-orally
  • located half-way from M3 toward angular process and can be accessed extra-orally or intra-orally
19
Q

Caudal mandibular (inferior) nerve block

A

-blocks innervation to all lower teeth and associated bone, soft tissue, chin skin

20
Q

What do you need to be careful of when doing a caudal mandibular (inferior) nerve block?

A

Stay close to the bone to ensure that you don’t block the nearby lingual nerve which would result in self-mutilation

21
Q

Ways to test age estimation of animals

A

-mostly based on teeth
-time of tooth eruption
(reliable)
- wear on teeth
(unreliable)
-can also use horn rings

22
Q

Cementum annuli

A

-rather accurate for older ages but less practical
-mostly for forensic of archeological purposes
-based on pattern of rings (annulus) of cement deposit in tooth rot
-dark during less growth (winter), light during growth (spring/summer)

23
Q

First teeth of puppies

A
  • Puppy is toothless at birth
  • First teeth erupt at ~3-4 weeks and deciduous set is complete at 6 weeks
  • No p1 present in milk set
24
Q

First permanent teeth of puppy

A

First permanent erupts at ~3months and whole set is complete at 6-7 months

-Occurs earlier in larger breeds than smaller ones

25
Q

General appearance of milk teeth

A

Resemble adult set but smaller, sharper and have long slender roots