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anatomy #3- head, neck, teeth > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

-7 cervical vertebrae
-almost all mammals

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2
Q

Atlas and axis of cervical vertebrae

A

-first two: atlas and axis
-have modified movement to allow free movement of head

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3
Q

Cervical vertebrae shape

A

-body flattened dorsally, and with arch forms vertebral foramen
-body has a median crest ventrally, with a cranial convex surface and a caudal concave surface

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4
Q

Transverse foramina

A

-actually short canals and transmit vertebral vessels

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5
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

-forms the vertebral canal for the spinal cord

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6
Q

Spinous process

A

-length and angles vary

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7
Q

Synovial joints of cervical vertebrae

A

-joints between caudal and cranial articular processes of neighbours

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8
Q

Transverse processes

A

-divided into dorsal and ventral

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9
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

-bases of arch notched and with neighbour to form hole for the spinal nerves to pass through

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10
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

-a fibrocartilagous structure between neighbouring vertebral bodies
-made of a soft gel-like center called nucleus pulposus (pulpy nucleus) and surrounded by concentric layers of dense fibrous tissue called annulus fibrosus

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11
Q

Where are intervertebral discs absent?

A

-between C1 and C2

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12
Q

Disc hernias

A

-caused by the rupture of annulus fibrosis (fibrous layer surrounding intervertebral disc)

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13
Q

Intervertebral disc species differences

A

-Thick in dogs and cats (~15-20% of columnar length)
-Thin in ungulates (~10% of columnar length)

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14
Q

Atlas

A

-C1
-has no body, no spinous process but dorsal and ventral arches
-wings of atlas (transverse process) are often visible and palpable in live animals
-caudal aspect of ventral arch has wings with excavations (fovea) for condyles
-dorsal arch has transverse foramina (absent in ox)
-lateral vertebral foramen transmits 1st spinal nerve
-alar foramen (only a notch in dog) transmits ventral branch of 1st spinal nerve

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15
Q

Atlas ventral arch fovea

A

-articulates with axis forming fovea dentis

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16
Q

Axis

A

-C2
-spinous process is high (and long in dogs)
-has caudal articular facets for C3

17
Q

Transverse foramen of axis

A

-has transverse processes with transverse foramen in its root to transmit vertebral vessels

18
Q

Lateral vertebral foramen of axis

A

-transmits 2nd spinal nerve

19
Q

Dens

A

-body of atlas fuses with axis to form dens in embryos
-fits into fovea dentis of atlas and serves as the pivot for rotation of atlas and head

20
Q

Dens structure in different species

A

-rod-like in carnivores, and sproutlike in ox and horse
-roughened dorsally for ligaments

21
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints

A

-for 2 condyles and 2 separate capsules
-no disk, and no articular process
-involved in flexion and extension (“yes” joint)

22
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

-covered by a single capsule
-no disk, no articular process
-involved in rotation (“no” joint)

23
Q

C3 to C5 vertebrae

A

-differ little
-except spinous process becomes increasingly taller

24
Q

C6

A

-has a longer spinous process and expanded ventral lamina of transverse process

25
Q

C7

A

-has the highest spinous process and lacks transverse foramina

26
Q

Palpable bony processes in neck

A

-part of wings of atlas
-caudolateral parts of transverse processes of C2 to C5

27
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

-ligament of neck
-elastic, unlike other long ligaments of column
-bursae reduce friction
- funicular part continues with supraspinous ligament
>funicular part attached to axis in dogs, and to occipital in large animals
-lamellar part attached to spinous processes of large animals

28
Q

Muscles of neck

A

Muscles divided into groups, most individual muscles are not clinically significant
-epaxial
-hypaxial
-ventral muscles
-extrinsic limb muscles

29
Q

Epaxial muscles

A

-muscles of column dorsal to line of transverse processes
-extensors
-includes transverso-spinalis system, longissimus system, splenius
**iliocostalis system of trunk does not extend well into neck

30
Q

Hypaxial muscles

A

-muscles of column ventral to line of transverse processes
-flexors

31
Q

Superficial muscles of the neck

A

-brachiocephalicus
-serratus
-splenius
-sternomandibularis

32
Q

Vasculature of the neck

A

-common carotid artery
-vertebral artery and vein
-deep cervical artery and vein
-external jugular vein

33
Q

Common carotid artery

A

-blood to head, face and brain

34
Q

Vertebral artery and vein

A

-passes through transverse canals of cervical vertebrae

35
Q

Deep cervical artery and vein

A

-supplies dorsal muscles of neck
-other smaller branches such as superficial cervical supply ventral muscles of neck

36
Q

External jugular vein

A

-in domestic mammals, blood from head almost entirely drained via the external jug

anatomy #3- head, neck, teeth (8 decks)

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