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Anatomy #3- Head, Neck, Teeth > Blood and lymph vessels in the head > Flashcards

Blood and lymph vessels in the head Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of knowledge of blood vessels and lymph nodes

A

-key for clinical exams, surgery, necropsy, and meat inspection

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2
Q

Common carotid artery

A

-main source of blood to head, neck, face and brain
-ascends neck on each side of trachea which may reduce its temperature
-no major branches given off until close to head

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3
Q

Vertebral artery

A

-a source of blood to the brain
-passes through transverse foramina/canal of cervical vertebrae and forms anastomoses with ventral spinal artery. Then enters vertebral canal within atlas

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4
Q

Ventral spinal artery

A

-Source of blood to the brain
-a small artery to spinal cord that receives anastomoses from vertebral artery and continues into cranial cavity as basilar artery

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5
Q

Branches of common carotid artery

A

1.common carotid artery
2.internal carotid artery
3.external carotid artery  branches to the following:
4. occipital artery
5.lingual artery
6.facial artery
7.superficial temporal artery
8.maxillary artery

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6
Q

Components of internal carotid artery

A

-to most of the brain in most species (rostral direction)
-has carotid sinus and body at its base

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7
Q

What is the carotid sinus and body innervated by?

A

-carotid sinus nerve (branch of IX)

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8
Q

Occipital artery

A

-leads to the middle and inner ear, meninges, and indirectly to the brain

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9
Q

Lingual artery

A

-leads to the tongue

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10
Q

Facial artery

A

-leads to the lips and lateral nose
-winds around mandible (at the vascular notch)
-site for taking pulse

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11
Q

Linguofacial artery

A

-the combination of the lingual and facial artery that occurs in horse and ox

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12
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

-goes to the parts of the external ear and masseter

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13
Q

Maxillary artery

A

-goes to the orbit, temporalis, teeth, nose, nasal cavity, and palate

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14
Q

Veins inside the cranium

A

-run independent of arteries
-valve-less
-collect in dural venous sinuses and cavernous sinuses

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15
Q

Veins outside the cranium

A

-generally satellites to arteries
-have numerous and often superficial anastomoses

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16
Q

Branches of veins in the head

A

1.external jugular vein
2.maxillary vein (which branches to superficial temporal vein)
3.linguofacial vein (which branches to lingual vein and facial vein)

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17
Q

Cerebral arterial circle (CAC, circle of Willis)

A

-ventral to brain
-supplies the brain
-small arteries joined by 2 internal carotid arteries and basilar artery (caudally)

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18
Q

Brain cardiac output

A

-receives 15-20% cardiac output

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19
Q

Rete mirabile

A

-internal carotid or other major arteries may first form an anastomosing arterial plexus

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20
Q

Location of Rete Mirabile (RM)

A

-within the cranial cavity but outside of dura mater
-the RM will send an emissary vessel through dura mater to the cerebral arterial circle (CAC)

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21
Q

Basilar artery

A

-runs caudally over medulla and continues as ventral spinal artery with anastomoses to vertebral artery

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22
Q

Rete mirabile and cavernous/venous sinuses

A

-Rete mirabile has close contact with the cavernous/venous sinuses. The sinuses receive colder blood from face and nasal cavity so the contact between the two can reduce arterial blood temperature.
-May also help reduce pulsation of arteries before entering brain

23
Q

Potential sources of blood supply to brain

A

-Ventral spine
-Vertebral
-common carotid
-occipital
-internal carotid
-external carotid
-maxillary
-basilar
-rete mirabile
-CAC (cerebral arterial circle)

24
Q

Sources of blood to brain in dog, horse, humans

A
  • Rostral half of brain: internal carotid
  • Caudal half of brain: basilar
    »Flow in the basilar artery is rostral
25
Q

Sources of blood to brain in cat, sheep

A
  • Lumen of extra-cranial internal carotid closed after birth so Maxillary artery takes over as most important supply
  • Maxillary has rete mirabile en route
  • Flow of basilar artery is caudal
26
Q

Sources of blood to brain in ox

A

-Lumen of extra-cranial internal carotid closed in the 1st year
- Both the maxillary and vertebral artery take over and have a rete mirabile
-Brain receives a mixture of sources
-Flow in basilar artery can be bidirectional

27
Q

What region has more blood vessels?

A

-the nasal cavity has greater blood flow than the cranium

28
Q

Arteries and Veins of horse head

A

-Transverse facial artery and vein
-sublingual artery and vein
-masseteric artery and vein
-dorsal masseteric vein
-lateral palpebral vein
-buccal vein

29
Q

Venous sinuses of arteries and veins

A

-help pump blood when head is down
-includes sinus of transverse facial vein, deep facial vein, and buccal vein

30
Q

Deep facial sinus

A

joins cavernous venous sinuses in cranium to help cool arterial blood

31
Q

Importance of transverse facial artery

A

-another site for pulse taking

32
Q

Transverse facial vein sinus

A

-site for blood samples

33
Q

Internal carotid of Ox

A

Extra-cranial part of internal carotid is obliterated after ~1 year

34
Q

Lymph centers

A

-groups of neighbouring lymph nodes

35
Q

Dog, cat, ruminant lymph node numbers

A

-fewer but larger

36
Q

Horse and pig lymph node numbers

A

-smaller but numerous

37
Q

Lymph nodes and lymph

A

-all lymph passes through at least 1 lymph node providing a barrier for infection and cancer cells
-swelling of a lymph node indicates its tributary is diseased

38
Q

Lymph node associations in head

A

-associated with salivary glands or veins and grouped into different centers

39
Q

Lymph nodes in head

A

-parotid lymph center
-mandibular lymph center
-retropharyngeal lymph center

40
Q

Parotid lymph center

A

-one or more lymph nodes at base of ear
-near superficial temporal vein
-partly covered by parotid salivary gland but might be palpable in dog

41
Q

What does parotid lymph center drain?

A

-drains dorsal half of head and skin, orbit, and masticatory muscles

42
Q

Mandibular lymph center

A

-a number of lymph nodes near or between mandibles
-near linguofacial vein and mandibular salivary gland
-easily palpable in dog

43
Q

What does the mandibular lymph center drain?

A

-drains muzzle, oral cavity (tongue and teeth), salivary glands, inter-mandibular space, masticatory muscles

44
Q

Retropharyngeal lymph center

A

-divided into medial and lateral groups (lateral can sometimes be palpable)
-near maxillary vein and pharynx

45
Q

What does the retropharyngeal lymph center drain?

A

-drains deep parts of head (pharynx, larynx), cranial parts of trachea/esophagus
-In horses, also drains from guttural pouch
*lymph from head passes through medial group of lymph center EXCEPT in ox where the lateral receives lymph from both centers

46
Q

Lymph nodes of the neck

A

-Superficial cervical lymph center
-deep cervical lymph center

47
Q

Superficial cervical lymph center

A

-located cranial to shoulder joint, covered by brachiocephalicus and omotransversarius
-species variations but usually dorsal nodes palpable

48
Q

What does the superficial cervical lymph center drain?

A

-drains many parts of skin, subcutaneous and muscles of neck, thorax, proximal part of front limbs

49
Q

Deep cervical lymph center

A

-located along the trachea
-has several groups (cranial, middle, caudal) but there are species variations and middle may be absent

50
Q

What does the deep cervical lymph center drain?

A

-drains from deep structures of neck (esophagus, trachea, thymus, thyroid)
-caudal group of center also receives lymph from superficial cervical lymph center
-efferent vessels join tracheal lymph trunk which opens into cranial vena cava

51
Q

Lymph nodes of horses

A

-lobulated and smaller but numerous

52
Q

Lymphatic system in ox head and neck

A

-Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node is the center of lymph collected from head
-located below the wing
of the atlas
-superficial cervical lymph node is also known as prescapular

53
Q

Lymphatic system in pig head and neck

A

-individual lymph nodes are small but numerous making them look fairly large overall

Anatomy #3- Head, Neck, Teeth (8 decks)

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