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Physiology > Cell Membrane, Membrane Transport, and Membrane Potential 2 > Flashcards

Cell Membrane, Membrane Transport, and Membrane Potential 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of transport proteins?

A

move hydrophilic substances across the plasma membrane
-allow things unable to cross the membrane by themselves to cross

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2
Q

What are the three types of transport proteins?

A

channels
carriers
active transporters

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3
Q

What are channels?

A

transmembrane proteins with a 3D shape that forms a tiny fluid filled pore connecting ECF and cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is able to cross through channels?

A

ions

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5
Q

What is the function membrane channels?

A

facilitated diffusion of ions into and out of the cells
(passive and does not require energy)

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6
Q

Are channels specific?

A

they can be
-Ca2+ channels, Na+ channels, Cl- channels

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7
Q

Are channels saturable?

A

no

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8
Q

What are open channels?

A

channels that are always open and ions freely flow through facilitated diffusion
-creates “leak currents”

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9
Q

What are gated channels?

A

spend most of their time in the closed state, and will open only when stimulated

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10
Q

What are the three types of gated channels?

A

chemically gated, mechanically gated, and voltage gated

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11
Q

What is allosteric modulation?”

A

changing something with noncovalent binding

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12
Q

What is covalent modulation?

A

changing something with covalent binding

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13
Q

What are ligand gated channels?

A

channels that have a ligand that binds without covalent binding and changes confirmation

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14
Q

What are phosphorylated gated channels?

A

channels that open when they are phosphorylated with a covalent bond

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15
Q

What causes voltage gated channels to open?

A

change in membrane potential

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16
Q

What causes pressure gated channels to open?

A

stretching of the membrane

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17
Q

What are carriers?

A

transmembrane proteins that move hydrophilic building blocks across the membrane via facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

Are carriers open on both sides of the membrane?

A

no
-if there were open on both sides it would hurt the integrity of the membrane and allow all things to cross without any control

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19
Q

What is the process of carriers working?

A

-molecule that needs to be transported enters one side of the carrier and binds to a specific spot
-transition state causes both sides of the carrier to be closed
-the other side of the carrier opens and allows the molecule the exit through the other side of the membrane

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20
Q

What are active transporters?

A

transmembrane protein that moves ions and hydrophilic building blocks across the plasma membrane via active transport

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21
Q

What is active transport?

A

moving of molecules against the concentration gradient

22
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

forms cell to cell attachments that hold adjacent epithelial cells together

23
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

cell to cell junctions that prevent intercellular movement of fluid and dissolved substances

24
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

structural support that does not restrict intercellular movement
-just maintains the cells integrity so the cells do not come apart

25
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

two ion channels on adjacent cells that create a channel between two cells
-allows for ions to flow between cells
-allow for rapid cell to cell communication

26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

integral, transmembrane, or peripheral membrane proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions either on the extracellular surface of cell or inside cell

27
Q

What are the steps of enzyme function in the cell membrane?

A

-ligand binds noncovalently
-transmembrane protein changes shape
-the change in shape causes a change in function

28
Q

How long does it take for a protein to be made?

A

2 hours

29
Q

Because it takes so long to make a protein, what happens?

A

many proteins are synthesized in advance and stored in an inactive form, activated when they are needed

30
Q

What does the interaction between substance and protein binding site follow?

A

the mass action model

31
Q

Where are carbohydrates attached to the membrane?

A

on the extracellular surface

32
Q

What are proteins with carbohydrates bound called?

A

glycoproteins

33
Q

What are lipids with carbohydrates bound called?

A

glycolipids

34
Q

What is the sugar coating of the cell membrane called?

A

glycocalyx

35
Q

Why is the glycocalyx important?

A

plays important role in enabling cells to identify and interact with each other

36
Q

What are four characteristics of membrane structure?

A

selectively permeable barrier, mosaic, dynamic, and fluid

37
Q

What substances are higher in the extracellular fluid?

A

-Na+
-Ca++
-Cl-
-HCO3-
-glucose

38
Q

What substances are higher in the intracellular fluid?

A

-K+
-Mg++
-phosphates
-pH
-proteins

39
Q

What is passive transport?

A

movement across the membrane that does not require energy
-down gradient (concentration, pressure, and electrical)

40
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A

diffusion
osmosis
bulk flow

41
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement across the membrane that does require energy
-against concentration gradients

42
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

active transporters and bulk transport

43
Q

What is random thermal motion?

A

molecules in a fluid are continuously and randomly bouncing around

44
Q

What is the rate of movement directly related to?

A

temperature

45
Q

What is the rate of movement inversely related to?

A

mass

46
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of stances other than water down a gradient

47
Q

When does net movement of diffusion stop?

A

at equilibrium

48
Q

What does passive transport move toward?

A

equilibrium

49
Q

What is the driving force of diffusion?

A

gradient

50
Q

What alters the flow of diffusion?

A

membrane resistance

51
Q

If a membrane has high permeability what is the net flux?

A

there is a high net flux

Physiology (15 decks)

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